During a dry winter, the reduction
of aerosol concentrations in weekend days may overwhelmingly impact on the DTR through a direct effect, i.e. by increasing total solar irradiance near the surface and raising the daytime temperature and maximum temperature, and lowering relative humidity.
And even if they had a good handle on the effects
of aerosol concentrations, no one agrees on the actual numbers for aerosol concentrations or production.
These uncertainties are reflected in the model simulations
of aerosol concentrations which all show similar total amounts, but have very different partitions among the different types.
Not exact matches
The values
of various parameters like clouds and the
concentrations of anthropogenic
aerosols are adjusted to get the best fit to observations.
After allowing for humidity and rainfall, they found that «
aerosol optical thickness» — a measure
of the
concentration of atmospheric particles — decreased by only 10 to 15 per cent compared with the same periods in 2002 to 2007 (Geophysical Research Letters, in press).
We have more than doubled the global
concentration of aerosols such as soot since pre-industrial times
The international team examined vertical wind motion, or updrafts, and
aerosol concentration data from one
of these stations from March to May 2014.
Xiao used battery powered
aerosol monitors to measure indoor
concentrations of fine particulate matter, or particles 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller, which consists mainly
of black carbon and organic carbon.
Earth System Threshold Measure Boundary Current Level Preindustrial Climate Change CO2
Concentration 350 ppm 387 ppm 280 ppm Biodiversity Loss Extinction Rate 10 pm > 100 pm * 0.1 - one pm Nitrogen Cycle N2 Tonnage 35 mmt ** 121 mmt 0 Phosphorous Cycle Level in Ocean 11 mmt 8.5 - 9.5 mmt — 1 mmt Ozone Layer O3
Concentration 276 DU # 283 DU 290 DU Ocean Acidification Aragonite ^ ^ Levels 2.75 2.90 3.44 Freshwater Usage Consumption 4,000 km3 ^ 2,600 km3 415 km3 Land Use Change Cropland Conversion 15 km3 11.7 km3 Low
Aerosols Soot
Concentration TBD TBD TBD Chemical Pollution TBD TBD TBD TBD * pm = per million ** mmt = millions
of metric tons #DU = dobson unit ^ km3 = cubic kilometers ^ ^ Aragonite is a form
of calcium carbonate.
Taking factors such as sea surface temperature, greenhouse gases and natural
aerosol particles into consideration, the researchers determined that changes in the
concentration of black carbon could be the primary driving force behind the observed alterations to the hydrological cycle in the region.
Along the PlaetSolar itinerary, the colored dots represent the
concentration of organic
aerosols, from blue (light
concentration) to red (strong
concentration).
Non-polar glacial ice holds a wealth
of information about past changes in climate, the environment and especially atmospheric composition, such as variations in temperature, atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gases and emissions
of natural
aerosols or human - made pollutants... The glaciers therefore hold the memory
of former climates and help to predict future environmental changes.
When the wind slows down, the
concentration of small particles
of air pollution (
aerosols) increase, which help increase haze and leads to solar dimming in the area.
The device would have measured ozone
concentration, gases involved in ozone depletion, and
aerosols such as those from the eruption
of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.
By measuring the amount
of laser light reflected back to Earth, the researchers could estimate the
concentrations of aerosols at various altitudes.
The resulting mass
concentration of secondary organic
aerosols was roughly between five and 100 μg / m3.
By adjusting elements
of the test, such as the air exchange rate, which is the number
of times per hour indoor air is replaced by outdoor air, as well as the
concentrations of terpene and ozone in the chamber, the group was able to ascertain how those variables each affected the formation
of secondary organic
aerosols.
«Particles
of any kind, even much smaller than the wavelength
of visible light, will, as a rule, make the sky brighter but at the expense
of its purity
of color,» Bohren says, noting that the effect is more pronounced when there is a high
concentration of large
aerosols.
With 18 different scenarios tested, the team calculated a range
of peak formation
of secondary organic
aerosols when typical
concentrations of limonene were introduced to ozone - rich environments with a range
of air exchange rates.
Even if the
concentrations of all greenhouse gases and
aerosols had been kept constant at year 2000 levels, a further warming
of about 0.1 °C per decade would be expected.
The relative atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gases as well as
aerosol and particulate content coupled with other climate information gives insight into both the importance
of these as drivers
of temperature as well as how these drivers might couple in either a positive or negative feedback sense (Beckman and Mahoney, 1998).
In addition, our deficient understanding
of aerosol forcing also hinders our ability to use the modern temperature record to constrain the «climate sensitivity» — the operative parameter in determining exactly how much warming will result from a given increase in CO2
concentration.
The specialized instruments onboard the aircraft sampled the plume for
aerosol particle size distribution and composition as well as
concentrations of pollutant gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Therefore, considering the large contribution
of these particles to the
aerosol mass
concentration in the atmosphere and the importance
of the INPs, we study the ability
of these particles as INPs by immersion freezing mode.
indicate that there was high
concentration of the cisplatin within the tumor with the intratumoral method
of administration when compared with the two
aerosol methods at the same time.
The team gathered simulated data
of the two more variable biogenic
aerosols separately, taking sulfate
concentrations from a suite
of computer models called AeroCom.
The main research themes include greenhouse gas
concentrations and ecosystem — atmosphere fluxes, the climate effects
of atmospheric
aerosols,
aerosol — cloud interactions and air quality.
Researchers from the University
of Miami (UM) Rosenstiel School
of Marine and Atmospheric Science and colleagues analyzed the dust
concentrations in
aerosol samples from two locations, French Guiana's capital city Cayenne and the Caribbean islands
of Guadeloupe, to understand the amount, source regions, and seasonal patterns
of airborne dust that travels across the North Atlantic Ocean.
It is my understanding that the uncertainties regarding climate sensitivity to a nominal 2XCO2 forcing is primarily a function
of the uncertainties in (1) future atmospheric
aerosol concentrations; both sulfate - type (cooling) and black carbon - type (warming), (2) feedbacks associated with
aerosol effects on the properties
of clouds (e.g. will cloud droplets become more reflective?)
«In a scenario
of zeroed CO2 and sulfate
aerosol emissions, whether the warming induced by specified constant
concentrations of non-CO2 greenhouse gases could slow the CO2 decline following zero emissions or even reverse this trend and cause CO2 to increase over time is assessed.
The impact is a function
of the magnitude
of the change in the
concentration (i.e. deviation from the average)
of aerosols.
Absent other factors and positive feedbacks and ALL else equal, and I do mean ALL ELSE, there should be a particular equilibrium temperature for any given persistent
concentration of aerosols.
Even if the
concentrations of all greenhouse gases and
aerosols had been kept constant at year 2000 levels, a further warming
of about 0.1 °C per decade would be expected.
Similarly, the more protracted the state
of reduced volcanic activity — > the larger and longer the reduction in
aerosol concentrations — > the larger and more persistent the impact on temperatures.
The composition
of sea spray
aerosol particles are influenced by both chlorophyll - a
concentrations and microbial degradation.
Concentration at stabilization including GHGs and
aerosols (2008 = 395 ppm) Peaking year
of CO 2 emissions Change in CO 2 emissions in 2050 (percent
of 2000 emissions) 2.0 -2.4350-400445-4902000-2015 − 85 to − 50 2.4 -2.8400-440490-5352000-2020 − 60 to − 30 2.8 -3.2440-485535-5902010-2030 − 30 to +5 3.2 -4.0485-570590-7102020-2060 +10 to +60 4.0 -4.9570-660710-8552050-2080 +25 to +85 4.9 -6.1660-790855-11302060-2090 +90 to +140 Data from: IPCC, 2007: Synthesis Report.
The Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) measures the soot (black carbon) mass
of individual
aerosol particles by laser - induced incandescence down to
concentrations as low as ng / m ^ 3.
Even if the
concentrations of all GHGs and
aerosols had been kept constant at year 2000 levels, a further warming
of about casino 0.1 °C per decade would be expected.
In the very long term, a warming limit
of 1.5 C requires total greenhouse - gas
concentrations — plus the effects
of aerosols — to be below a level
of 400ppm CO2eq.
The combustion
of fossil fuels has distributed soot, heavy metals and
aerosols in mixtures and
concentrations that had never existed before the commercial power stations, factories, railways and motor cars.
Explaining global surface
aerosol number
concentrations in terms
of primary emissions and particle formation.
GCAM tracks emissions and
concentrations of greenhouse gases and short - lived species including CO2, CH4, N2O, NOx, VOCs, CO, SO2, carbonaceous
aerosols, HFCs, PFCs, NH3, and SF6.
The future
concentrations of LLGHGs and the anthropogenic emissions
of sulphur dioxide (SO2), a chemical precursor
of sulphate
aerosol, are obtained from several scenarios considered representative
of low, medium and high emission trajectories.
Second, if this is so (and it seems unreasonably large), why have we never observed this cooling effect in the regions with high
concentrations of manmade
aerosols.
So the whole basis for the study is flawed — its based on the affect
of increasing
aerosol concentrations that actually are not increasing.
• Estimation
of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling (including sources and sinks)
of greenhouse gases,
aerosols and
aerosol precursors and projections
of future
concentrations and radiative properties.
First, if significant
aerosol concentrations only cover, say, 10 %
of the globe, doesn't that mean that to get a 0.5 degree cooling effect for the whole Earth, there must be a 5 degree cooling effect in the affected area.
Additional observations and a newer version
of the NCEP model that includes time - varying CO2
concentrations, solar variability, and volcanic
aerosols are used in version 2.
Because
of this, they are poorly mixed, and so
aerosol concentrations are spotty and generally can be found to the east (downwind)
of large industrial complexes (see sample map here).
Should your model values, conditional on the future
concentrations of CO2 and adjustments for
aerosols, fit the measured values close enough, then someone will take up the search for whatever it is that is generating your residual processes.