Sentences with phrase «of aerosol particles of»

It is found that with a number concentration of aerosol particles of ∼ 102 — 103 cm − 3 (which corresponds to the aerosol density in the deposited layer of about 1 — 10 mg / m2 with the layer thickness along the ray path of about 100 m) the solar radiation attenuation with artificial aerosol layers accounts for 1 to 10 %.

Not exact matches

She decided to study the role that organic particles play in cloud droplet formation, because a large proportion of marine aerosols — which have a significant climate impact — are organics.

This year, Summit's list of long - term visitors includes Brandon Strellis, an environmental engineering graduate student from the Georgia Institute of Technology studying how aerosols influence how much energy is reflected and absorbed by Greenland's ice — and where those particles are coming from.

These results imply that the chlorine activation efficiency of the aerosol particles increases rapidly as the temperature approaches the ice frost point regardless of the phase or composition of the particles.

A key giveaway that aerosols were behind the effect was that the lightning was most pronounced at times of the year when powerful atmospheric convection currents form that can carry the aerosol particles high into the sky (Geophysical Research Letters, doi.org/cc7b).

Scientists are also trying to figure out the role that aerosol particles — including a component of soot known as black carbon — play in influencing the behavior of Himalayan glaciers.

Another source of uncertainty comes from the direct effect of aerosols from human origins: How much do they reflect and absorb sunlight directly as particles?

For the study, Dr. Toohey and his colleagues from GEOMAR and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg have used an aerosol - climate model to track 70 different eruption scenarios while analyzing the distribution of the sulfur particles.

After allowing for humidity and rainfall, they found that «aerosol optical thickness» — a measure of the concentration of atmospheric particles — decreased by only 10 to 15 per cent compared with the same periods in 2002 to 2007 (Geophysical Research Letters, in press).

While the study provides clear evidence that aerosol particles affect the development and intensity of storms, Thornton says it can not be directly generalised to the air above land because there are other factors that need to be taken into account.

During storms, they flew a research aircraft with several powerful instruments, including one that can identify the type of particle in a cloud and determine whether it was dust or some other type of aerosol.

For example, the tiny particles known as aerosols are far better understood, says atmospheric scientist Piers Forster of the University of Leeds in England andalso a lead author.

Aerosol particles have different sizes, as well as chemical and physical properties, all of which determine their climate effects.

It then combines with pollutants from combustion — mainly nitrogen oxides and sulfates from vehicles, power plants and industrial processes — to create tiny solid particles, or aerosols, no more than 2.5 micrometers across, about 1/30 the width of a human hair.

CLOUD has also investigated how the 11 - year solar cycle influences the formation of aerosol particles in our present - day atmosphere.

The scientists expect further warming in the Arctic as levels of greenhouse gases will continue to increase and aerosol particle emissions will likely decrease to combat air pollution in different parts of the world.

The research focuses on the power of minute airborne particles known as aerosols, which can come from urban and industrial air pollution, wildfires and other sources.

Their stickiness makes it hard to get them through an inlet into a measuring device, but these compounds may play a significant role in the formation and alteration of aerosols, tiny airborne particles that can contribute to smog or to the nucleation of raindrops or ice crystals, affecting the Earth's climate.

«We suspect that water bound within sea salt, known as hydrates, play a significant role in defining the hygroscopicity of inorganic sea spray aerosol, If true, it means that the particles would take up less water because of the water already present as hydrates and, as a result, they would grow less.

It has been known for several years that sulfuric acid contributes to the formation of tiny aerosol particles, which play an important role in the formation of clouds.

The team started by looking at the formation of the very small particles — a process called aerosol nucleation — by mimicking atmospheric conditions inside an ultraclean steel «cloud chamber», which Kirkby says is the cleanest ever created.

And by carefully measuring and modeling the resulting changes in atmospheric composition, scientists could improve their estimate of how sensitive Earth's climate is to CO2, said lead author Joyce Penner, a professor of atmospheric science at the University of Michigan whose work focuses on improving global climate models and their ability to model the interplay between clouds and aerosol particles.

«Tiny particles have outsize impact on storm clouds, precipitation: Amazon rainforest provides a unique natural lab to study effects of aerosols.»

Such sulfuric acid aerosols are already responsible for the bulk of nacreous clouds that form in the polar stratosphere; added particles would just amp up the natural process (although it might also amp up damage the ozone layer).

Researchers sought to learn more about the impact of a process in which volcanoes give off aerosol particles that reflect sunlight, cooling the atmosphere and leading to reduced rainfall.

The researchers have developed a kit of new tools including an instrument the size of a cigar box that uses a laser to detect the tiny aerosol particles.

On their own, aerosol particles are tiny; when a cloud droplet becomes a rain droplet, it grows by a factor of a million as droplets crash and coalesce together.

Black carbon aerosols — particles of carbon that rise into the atmosphere when biomass, agricultural waste, and fossil fuels are burned in an incomplete way — are important for understanding climate change, as they absorb sunlight, leading to higher atmospheric temperatures, and can also coat Arctic snow with a darker layer, reducing its reflectivity and leading to increased melting.

There are few absolutes in life, but Will Cantrell - professor of physics at Michigan Technological University - says this is one: «Every cloud droplet in Earth's atmosphere formed on a preexisting aerosol particle.»

Several symposia have a local focus, including sessions on ecology and education in San Diego's Mission Bay Park and the causes and effects of aerosol particles in San Diego's atmosphere.

The findings provide evidence that a 3 - kilometer - deep blanket of pollution — a mass of ash, acids, aerosols, and other particles — is disrupting weather systems in western Asia.

Over land, the small size of these aerosol particles tends to suppress rainfall because the water droplets that condense on them are light enough to remain aloft.

Xiao used battery powered aerosol monitors to measure indoor concentrations of fine particulate matter, or particles 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller, which consists mainly of black carbon and organic carbon.

Until recently, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security has been investigating whether seeding storm clouds with pollution - size aerosols (particles suspended in gas) might help slow tropical cyclones.

Aerosol chemist Markus Ammann of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland, and his colleagues, suspected that soot particles — spewed when fossil fuels are burned — might have a hand in creating nitrous acid.

Schneider coauthored a 1971 article in the journal Science about atmospheric aerosols — floating particles of soil dust, volcanic ash, and human - made pollutants.

Moreover, the aerosol particles may have contributed to an accelerated rate of ozone depletion during that same period.

Indeed, the reduction in the emission of precursors to polluting particles (sulphur dioxide) would diminish the concealing effects of Chinese aerosols, and would speed up warming, unless this effect were to be compensated elsewhere, for instance by significantly reducing long - life greenhouse gas emissions and «black carbon.»

Ash and aerosol particles suspended in the atmosphere scatter light of red wavelengths, often resulting in brilliantly colored sunsets and sunrises around the world.

Taking factors such as sea surface temperature, greenhouse gases and natural aerosol particles into consideration, the researchers determined that changes in the concentration of black carbon could be the primary driving force behind the observed alterations to the hydrological cycle in the region.

«When biogenic VOCs are oxidized, they give rise to aerosol particles that cool the climate by reflecting part of the Sun's radiation back into space,» Artaxo said.

Soot particles, also known as black carbon aerosols, affect climate by absorbing sunlight, which warms the surrounding air and limits the amount of solar radiation that reaches the ground.

To investigate the layers and composition of clouds and tiny airborne particles like dust, smoke and other atmospheric aerosols,, scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland have developed an instrument called the Cloud - Aerosol Transport System, or CATS.

These particles pose health risks to populations, especially to the medically vulnerable, By infusing CATS data directly into aerosol models, data from CATS can make a difference in tracking and responding to impacts of similar events in the future.

Thus, when the characteristics of a water mass were favourable for reproduction of microalgae, researchers noticed that after a certain amount of time, the aerosols detected above this same water mass contained more biological particles.

In fact, the aerosol layer in the stratosphere, which is also composed of sulphur particles, seems to have become thicker in recent years.

Beyond reducing the volume of acidic particles in aerosols, cutting the sulfur emissions has also reduced the deposition of acids in lakes and waterways, noted Armistead «Ted» Russell, a Regent's Professor in Georgia Tech's School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and another of the paper's co-authors.

«The major challenge of this method is accurately determining the size of the core and shell of the aerosol particles.

Ginot and his team of researchers can also track aerosols — small particles in the atmosphere that fall with snow and get trapped and stored in the ice, layer by layer, as the years pass.

The aerosol consists of solid particles or droplets of liquid so light they float in the air.