Sentences with phrase «of aerosols over»

However, this offsetting effect is unlikely to remain in the future as improved pollution controls are expected to significantly reduce the cooling effect of aerosols over the course of coming decades: Meinshausen et al (2006).

You say» Needless to say, one would expect a strong cooling effect of the aerosols over that station.

Specifically, the clouds of aerosols over India enhance atmospheric warming there by 50 percent.

Pan, X., M. Chin, R. Gautam, H. Bian, D. Kim, P.R. Colarco, T.L. Diehl, T. Takemura, L. Pozzoli, K. Tsigaridis, S. Bauer, and N. Bellouin, 2015: A multi-model evaluation of aerosols over South Asia: Common problems and possible causes.

I agree with your overall assessment of aerosols over the last 200 years, and it was illuminating to me as I hadn't considered it that way.

There is simply no way to know what the type and quantity of aerosols over Peru in 1912 was, and bounding that error rate is more guess than science.

A modeling study of the direct effect of aerosol over the Tropical Indian Ocean.

Not exact matches

«We've shown that under clean and humid conditions, like those that exist over the ocean and some land in the tropics, tiny aerosols have a big impact on weather and climate and can intensify storms a great deal,» said Fan, an expert on the effects of pollution on storms and weather.

The produced aerosol is directed over the heated substrate using a stream of nitrogen gas resulting into a polycrystalline thin film grown on the chalcopyrite substrate over time with embedded nanoparticles of platinum.

In the past, numerous studies have identified black carbon aerosols emitted from combustion of fossil fuels and residential biofuels as the dominant light - absorbing aerosol over South Asia.

Over land, the small size of these aerosol particles tends to suppress rainfall because the water droplets that condense on them are light enough to remain aloft.

If the aerosols are dispersed primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, the greater cooling in this hemisphere can also diminish the summertime heating that drives the northward migration of monsoon winds over Africa up to the Ethiopian highlands where the Blue Nile is supplied with its summer floodwaters.

A few of the main points of the third assessment report issued in 2001 include: An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system; emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols due to human activities continue to alter the atmosphere in ways that are expected to affect the climate; confidence in the ability of models to project future climate has increased; and there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

Similar scandals erupted over the effects of scores of industrial applications, ranging from sulfur dioxide and acid rain, to certain aerosols and the hole in the ozone layer, to leaded gas and cognitive impairment, to the granddaddy of them all, fossil fuels and global climate change.

Near - global satellite aerosol data imply a negative radiative forcing due to stratospheric aerosol changes over this period of about — 0.1 W / m2, reducing the recent global warming that would otherwise have occurred.

During this event, the aerosols stayed close to the surface due to the presence of a anticyclone hovering over the study region at sea - level, «reducing the amount of shortwave irradiance reaching the surface and causing greater radiative cooling,» states Obregón, who likens the effects of desert dust with those resulting from certain forest fires or episodes of high pollution.

At least over the oceans, the pre-industrial cloud conditions would have been considerably different from those of today; this implies that the aerosols we have been adding to the atmosphere may have had a significant effect on global patterns of cloud formation and rain.

And since the researchers are still analyzing data collected over the past few years, a clearer picture of aerosol behavior might yet still emerge from the haze.

When analyzed together with the aerosol loading over the same area at the same time, the outcome, says Koren, was a «textbook demonstration of the invigoration effect» of added aerosols on clouds.

In the August 2016 campaign, conducted over the holy and notoriously polluted city of Veranasi, the team included a sampler in the payload that trapped tropopause aerosols on filters.

Sieving through the data from CALIPSO — a satellite jointly launched by France and the U.S. — they found a thick layer of aerosols between 13 and 18 kilometers above sea level over a large area stretching across the eastern Mediterranean Sea, northern India and western China.

In September 2016 the team, while at an International Global Atmospheric Chemistry project meeting in Colorado, reported that the sensors onboard the balloons not only confirmed the existence of tropopause aerosols over India, but yielded fresh data into their composition.

His study «Analysis of Aerosols From World Trade Center Attack» indicated that the contaminated air sometimes descended to ground level over a mile from Ground Zero, far outside the safety zones established by the EPA.

«The results suggest that about 10 percent of the reacting VOC mass is converted tosecondary organic aerosol over the tree tops.

Since Thornton's and his colleagues» study was published, Ilan Koren and Orit Altaratz at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and colleagues have found, using the WWLLN, that more intense lightning is connected with aerosol sources over land.

Using aircraft to measure air pollution over the Alberta tar sands region, the researchers found that tar sands production emitted between 55 and 101 metric tonnes of secondary organic aerosols per day.

Scientists have already linked aerosol emissions to increases in lightning over areas of the Amazon prone to forest fires (pdf) as well as regions of China with thick air pollution.

The amount of warming caused by CO2 might have been masked over the years by accompanying aerosol emissions.

Using climate models and data collected about aerosols and meteorology over the past 30 years, the researchers found that air pollution over Asia — much of it coming from China — is impacting global air circulations.

Similarly (and perhaps relatedly), the magnitude of the change in aerosol forcing from ~ 1975 to present relative to the change in all forcings is much smaller than from pre-ind through present, which I think should make the TCR estimated over that period insensitive to the value of E.

FMI has been involved in research project, which evaluated the simulations of long - range transport of BB aerosol by the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS - 5) and four other global aerosol models over the complete South African - Atlantic region using Cloud - Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model aerosol by the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS - 5) and four other global aerosol models over the complete South African - Atlantic region using Cloud - Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model aerosol models over the complete South African - Atlantic region using Cloud - Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model biases.

I guess I am surprised that with better understanding of the importance of water vapor feedback, sulfate aerosols, black carbon aerosols, more rapid than expected declines in sea ice and attendant decreases in albedo, effects of the deposition of soot and dust on snow and ice decreasing albedo, and a recognition of the importance of GHGs that were probably not considered 30 years ago, that the sensitivity has changed so little over time.

Lewis makes a couple of potentially interesting points, chief of which concern the magnitude and uncertainty in the aerosol forcing I used and the time period over which the calculation is done, and I address these issues here.

New study shows the molecular details of how organic aerosol helps heat up and color the haze over megacities

Coby, the Pinatubo was a stratospheric injection of a lot of SO2 at once, which spread over both hemispheres and lasted several years as sulphate aerosol.

Regional aerosol models represent important aerosol properties and processes by integrating a suite of property and process models for a limited geographic area over a limited time span.

The Hadcm3 model has calculated the largest increase in temperature which may be attributed to the reduction of aerosol load (40 %) over the period 1990 - 1999 somewhere in NE Europe, other models do that more in Southern Europe.

For sulphate aerosols, current models probably overestimate their influence, as there is no measurable effect of the large (over 60 %) reduction in SO2 emissions in Europe at the places where the largest influence should be visible, according to the models.

And finally, current theories based on greenhouse gas increases, changes in solar, volcanic, ozone, land use and aerosol forcing do a pretty good job of explaining the temperature changes over the 20th Century.

Over the past several years, scientists from many institutions have explored the ability of SP - CAM to simulate tropical weather systems, the day - night changes of precipitation, the Asian and African monsoons, cloud - aerosol interactions and other climate phenomena.

Volcanoes can — and do — influence the global climate over time periods of a few years but this is achieved through the injection of sulfate aerosols into the high reaches of the atmosphere during the very large volcanic eruptions that occur sporadically each century.

``... While [ozone depleting substance] ODS levels remain high, a large stratospheric sulfuric aerosol enhancement due to a major volcanic eruption or geoengineering activities would result in a substantial chemical depletion of ozone over much of the globe.»

Now, with the Aerosol Modeling Testbed, scientists can systematically and objectively evaluate new aerosol process modules over a wide range of spatial and temporal Aerosol Modeling Testbed, scientists can systematically and objectively evaluate new aerosol process modules over a wide range of spatial and temporal aerosol process modules over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales.

Depositional phasing of volcanic aerosols in the WAIS Divide ice core over the past 2400 years.

From its base in Namibia, the Observations of Clouds above Aerosols and their Interactions (ORACLES) study will use airborne instruments this fall to probe the impact on climate and rainfall of the interaction between clouds over the southeastern Atlantic Ocean and smoke from vegetation burning in southern Africa.

Then - blow off the surface of all dust and use Zinsser Clear Shellac (again, I like the aerosol cans - but you have to use it outside) and applit in a thorough coat over the whole piece.

In general, the risk of aerosol transmission increases with proximity and duration of exposure to the source; however, once aerosolized, certain pathogens may remain infective over long distances, depending on particle size, the nature of the pathogen, and such environmental factors as temperature and humidity.3

Consider pumps over aerosol since the sound of the can might scare your cat (may sound like another cat).

In addition, since the global surface temperature records are a measure that responds to albedo changes (volcanic aerosols, cloud cover, land use, snow and ice cover) solar output, and differences in partition of various forcings into the oceans / atmosphere / land / cryosphere, teasing out just the effect of CO2 + water vapor over the short term is difficult to impossible.

It's possible that sulphate aerosols may have been more important, in terms of industrial climate influence, at that time over the US.