Plants either dropped their leaves seasonally, shutting down the pathways that would normally carry water between roots and leaves; developed thinner water - conducting pathways, allowing them to keep their leaves while reducing the risk
of air bubbles developing during freezing and thawing; or avoided the cold seasons altogether as herbs, losing aboveground stems and leaves and retreating as seeds, or storing organs underground, such as tulips or potatoes.
The ice contains minute
bubbles of prehistoric
air trapped when it was formed, and once a reliable method had been
developed by which to isolate and analyse that
air (it is done in a vacuum), it was possible to get an idea
of the composition
of the atmosphere
of the past, through ice - ages and interglacials.