Urban climates are distinguished from those of less built - up areas by
differences of air temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and amount of precipitation.
The title of the report is, Lighthouses: Thermometers for Accurate and Unbiased Measurement
of Air Temperature at the Sea - Land Interface.
They are designed to operate fully exposed in the harsh conditions of the Array Operations Site, to survive strong winds, and to keep their smooth reflecting surfaces accurate to at least 25 micrometers (less than the typical thickness of a human hair) under a wide range
of air temperature of -20 to +20 degrees.
Those options include sound systems from Burmester and Bose, Porsche Rear - Seat Entertainment with swiveling 7 - inch screens, Lane Change Assist, adaptive cruise control, thermally and noise - insulated glass, and 4 - zone automatic climate control — which allows separate
adjustment of air temperature, blower intensity and air distribution for each seat.
The average absolute
value of the air temperature close to the Earth's surface reached a new high in July 2016 according to an analysis of the meteorological data record by Europe's Copernicus Climate Change Service operated by the European Centre for Medium - range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF).
Pacific Decadal Oscillation is obviously one of the key internal mechanisms because it drives the way Pacific Ocean (widest Ocean on Earth and therefore main heat storage) is exchanging heat with the atmosphere, in the mid to long term (50 to 70 years period), hereby significantly influencing the
evolution of air temperatures over tens of years» timescale.
One reason, as other Antarctic research has shown, is that the speed of loss of Antarctic ice is to a large extent not a function
of air temperature in any case, but of ocean heat intruding beneath the vast shelves of floating ice around the edges.
The team's paper, «Increasing
Influence of Air Temperature on Upper Colorado River Streamflow,» is scheduled for online publication in Geophysical Research Letters.
Detailed studies of the energy balance and ablation of the Zongo and Chacaltaya glaciers support the
importance of air temperature increase, and identify the increase in downward infrared radiation as the main way that the effect of the warmer air is communicated to the glacier surface [Wagnon et al. 1999; Francou et al, 2003].
If tropical glaciers continue to retreat despite an increase in precipitation, that will constitute a powerful case for the
role of air temperature.
I was very fortunate to be able to attend this meeting, and talking to the experts there was critical to understanding the
behaviour of air temperatures over sea ice - this led to section 5 in the paper and our more recent update.
2) Soil moisture: memory in soil moisture can last several weeks which can influence the atmosphere through changes in evaporation and surface energy budget and can affect the
forecast of air temperature and precipitation in certain areas during certain times of the year on intraseasonal time scales;
Figure 2: Comparing apples - to - apples sampling of climate model output (blue) and the instrumental record for temperature (black),
instead of air temperatures (red), resolves some of the difference model - data divergence [Panel (a)-RSB-.
Map of air temperature anomalies for December 2009, at the 925 millibar level (roughly 1,000 meters [3,000 feet] above the surface) for the region north of 30 degrees N, shows warmer than usual temperatures over the Arctic Ocean and cooler than normal temperatures over central Eurasia, the United States and southwestern Canada.
Just as changes in the
rate of air temperature change over multi several year periods could be due to internal variability, even cessations (* which over a ten year plus period we haven't even seen) or drops in them (which we haven't seen) it's not likely.
Provides evidence that the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops leads to changes in biophysical variables, warming the land surface and thus enhancing the increase
of the air temperature due to climate change