In the Celsius era from 1 July 1971 to 31 December 2011, 15.7 %
of all temperatures recorded at all 25 New Zealand locations within the Seven Station dataset were recorded as.0 C degrees.
In the Fahrenheit era before July 1971, 25.5 %
of all temperatures recorded at the 25 New Zealand stations were logged as.0 F degrees.
In that regard, could you advise where I can find rationales for the adjustments
of the temperature records at the following Australian stations (perhaps with your own assessment of the quality of the rationales):
The chart below
of all temperatures recorded at the HQ weather stations since September 1, 1972, shows that almost twice as many whole 0.
The chart below
of all temperatures recorded at the HQ weather stations before September 1972 shows that almost one in three was logged as a whole.0 Fahrenheit degree.
At least a third and probably half
of all temperatures recorded at weather stations used to determine Australia's climate history were rounded to.0 Fahrenheit degrees without fractions before metrication in September 1972, and whole.0 Celsius degrees have been recorded at almost twice the ratio of other fractions since that date.
Not exact matches
Searing
temperatures shattered 11 heat
records in British Columbia last month, including a sweltering 36.5 ºC
recorded at the historic gold rush town
of Lytton.
The average
temperature was 57.1 degrees F, up from the old
record, in 1998, which landed an average
of 54.3 degrees F. «We had our fourth warmest winter (2011/2012) on
record, our warmest spring, a very hot summer with the hottest month on
record for the nation (July 2012), and a warmer than average autumn,» Jake Crouch, a scientist
at the National Climatic Data Center, told NBC News.
This mixture has been used for some
of the finest tracks in the world: the one
at Oxford on which Roger Bannister ran the first four - minute mile, the 1956 Olympic track
at Melbourne, the Dublin track where Herb Elliott ran his world
record mile in 1958, and even the track which the Sheik
of Kuwait built for his university on the Persian Gulf (no
records are likely to be set there, however, because
of the tendency
of the
temperature to climb up to the neighborhood
of 140 °).
The amount
of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere grew
at a
record rate in 2016 to a level not seen for millions
of years, potentially fueling a 20 - meter (65 - foot) rise in sea levels and adding 3 degrees to
temperatures, the United Nations said.
Wednesday's
temperature reached 61 degrees
at the Buffalo Niagara International Airport, breaking the
record high
of 59 set in 1957.
As each cylinder
of rock comes up from the deep, onboard specialists rush to
record its density, resistivity,
temperature and any other data that might change before the cores are examined
at a main lab in Bremen, Germany.
«We only have about 150 years
of direct measurements
of temperature, so if, for example, we want to estimate how great
of variations that can be expected over 100 years, we look
at the
temperature record for that period, but it can not tell us what we can expect for the
temperature record over 1000 years.
«When you burn clay
at very high
temperatures, you actually stabilize the magnetic minerals, and when they cool from these very high
temperatures, they lock in a
record of the Earth's magnetic field,» Tarduno says.
Dust found in the ice gives a
record of what was in the air thousands
of years ago, whether from volcanic eruptions or human activity, and the isotopic composition
of the hydrogen and oxygen molecules in the snow give a
record of the
temperature of the earth
at the time.
Boersma and Rebstock looked
at the cause
of every
recorded chick mortality in an Argentinian colony
of Magellanic penguins, over a nearly 30 - year period, and compared these with changes in
temperature and precipitation over the same time.
It's OK to state that, «The common belief that carbon dioxide is driving climate change is
at odds with much
of the available scientific data: data from weather balloons and satellites, from ice core surveys, and from the historical
temperature records» when this is clearly untrue.
The outpost
at the heart
of the frozen continent holds the
record for the lowest naturally occurring
temperature ever observed on Earth.
A new discovery has the superconductivity community abuzz: A boron - containing metal compound that superconducts
at 39 K, nearly twice the
temperature of the previous metallic
record holder.
In order to understand Earth's recent
temperature record, it's essential to understand the impacts from these natural cycles, says Byron Steinman, a paleoclimatologist
at the University
of Minnesota's Large Lakes Observatory in Duluth and lead author
of the new study.
Using information from stations operated by certified observers for which complete weeks
of data were available the researchers calculated the difference between the highest
temperature recorded during the day and the lowest
recorded at night, the so - called diurnal
temperature range (DTR).
TEMPERATURES are dropping to
record lows
at the US National Institute
of Standards and Technology.
To create their new
temperature record, which spans 3.5 million years
at the end
of the Cretaceous and the start
of the Paleogene Period, the researchers analyzed the isotopic composition
of 29 remarkably well - preserved shells
of clam - like bivalves collected on Antarctica's Seymour Island.
Chemist Peter Bernath and his colleagues
at the University
of Waterloo in Canada studied this 1991 sunspot, which
at 5500 degrees was one
of the coolest ever
recorded — cooler, in fact, than the
temperature at which H2O is completely dissociated into H and OH.
Land and Ocean Combined: The combined average
temperature over global land and ocean surfaces for August 2014 was the
record highest for the month,
at 61.45 °F (16.35 °C), or 1.35 °F (0.75 °C) above the 20th century average
of 60.1 °F (15.6 °C).
Land Only: The global land
temperature was the fifth highest on
record for June - August,
at 1.64 °F (0.91 °C) above the 20th century average
of 56.9 °F (13.8 °C).
The researchers found that due to warm spring
temperatures on Kodiak, the berries were developing fruit weeks earlier,
at the same time as the peak
of the salmon migration; 2014 was one
of the warmest years on the island since
record - keeping began 60 years ago.
Land Only: The August global land
temperature was the second highest for August on
record, behind only 1998,
at 1.78 °F (0.99 °C) above the 20th century average
of 56.9 °F (13.8 °C), with a margin
of error
of + / - 0.43 °F (0.24 °C).
Rickaby looked
at the fossils
of foraminifera, tiny marine animals that live just weeks and whose fossils carry a
record of the
temperatures they lived in.
The study found that the mere presence
of palms in the fossil
record indicates that past
temperatures remained
at or above a minimum possible amount (
at least 2 to 5 degrees C).
The ALICE experiment
records high - energy collisions
of lead ions
at the LHC, enabling it to study matter
at extremely high
temperatures and densities.
Kalnay and Cai developed a more precise measurement by comparing one set
of long - term
temperature data
recorded from satellite and weather balloons, which detect the effects
of warming from greenhouse gases, with another set
recorded at ground level by 1,982 weather stations across the continent.
With the demise
of El Niño, those
temperature departures have dropped slightly, but are still
at record - high levels.
Record - breaking nighttime
temperatures have already been increasing across 90 percent
of the studied areas, the research suggests, and these
records may increase by
at least fivefold across half
of Europe and a quarter
of East Asia.
The succession
of temperature records has also been accompanied by other notable climate
records, including thebiggest ever year - to - year jump in carbon dioxide levels
at the Mauna Loa observatory in Hawaii, as well as a
record low winter Arctic sea ice peak.
Until now, instrumental
temperature records dating back to the middle
of the nineteenth century have been compiled by three main research groups: NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in Greenbelt, Maryland; the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Washington DC; and a collaboration between Britain's Met Office and the Climatic Research Unit
at the University
of East Anglia in Norwich, UK.
«Non-linear» animal reactions He and his colleagues based their analysis on nearly 500 million
temperature records collected
at 3,000 weather stations between 1961 and 2009, feeding that information into models that allowed them to estimate how climate shifts affected the metabolism
of cold - blooded insects, lizards and amphibians around the world.
In a study led by Alexander Pines, a senior faculty scientist with Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division and UC Berkeley's Glenn T. Seaborg Professor
of Chemistry, researchers
recorded the first bulk room -
temperature NMR hyperpolarization
of carbon - 13 nuclei in diamond in situ
at arbitrary magnetic fields and crystal orientations.
The research group
of Alex Pines has
recorded the first bulk room -
temperature NMR hyperpolarization
of carbon - 13 nuclei in diamond in situ
at arbitrary magnetic fields and crystal orientations.
Ruiz, who contributed to the report, noted that an analysis
of weather
records at one páramo research station showed increases in minimum
temperatures were almost twice that
of lower elevations, while increases in maximum
temperatures jumped to nearly three times the average
at lower elevations.
Temperatures are 35 °C warmer than normal for the time
of year
at Greenland's most northerly point, Cape Morris Jesup, says Robert Rohde
of Berkeley Earth in California, and the site has already spent more time above 0 °C so far this year than in any complete year on
record.
That's the finding
of a new study published on Thursday in Science, which uses updated information about how
temperature is
recorded, particularly
at sea, to take a second look
at the global average
temperature.
Some
of the most useful
temperature proxies are insensitive to
temperature change in the heart
of the WPWP, which is already
at the maximum
temperature they can
record.
The new method has already been used to examine climatic
records of sea surface
temperature at 65,000 points around the world over a period
of 28 years and provided scientists with a clear understanding
of when and where
temperature fluctuations occur.
- The best cognitive performance, as indicated by task speed, was
recorded at 26 °C;
at 29 °C, the availability
of an occupant - controlled fan partially mitigated the negative effect
of the elevated
temperature.
The June 2013 globally - averaged
temperature across ocean surfaces was the 10th highest in the 134 - year period
of record,
at 0.48 °C (0.86 °F) above the 20th century average.
(Bottom) Patterns
of linear global
temperature trends from 1979 to 2005 estimated
at the surface (left), and for the troposphere (right) from the surface to about 10 km altitude, from satellite
records.
Warmest October
of record at #Barrow, average
temperature 30.1 F. Every Oct since 2001 has been significantly above long term average #akwx pic.twitter.com / POtOshzzQZ
The paper uses surface
temperature data from the HadCRUT4
record, jointly produced by the UK Met Office and the Climatic Research Unit
at the University
of East Anglia (UEA).
The Nature article comes as climate scientists published what they said today was the «best ever» collection
of evidence for global warming, including
temperature over land,
at sea and in the higher atmosphere, along with
records of humidity, sea - level rise, and melting ice.