& Rhetoric 351, 359 (2012)(describing IRAC in terms
of analogical arguments) with Miller & Charles, supra note 16, at 208 (describing IRAC as a deductive problem of applying rules to facts).
To review all the categories with a full discussion
of their analogical application and transmutation is a very large task.
A full defence
of the analogical mode of thinking about God would require an elaborate discussion.
Hence, the possibility
of the analogical method rests on the principle that in the concepts of rapport and adverbial response, ontology and epistemology meet.
Rather, actual entities should be regarded as just one instance of the verification
of this analogical structure; other instances would be societies of varying degrees of complexity, up to and including the divine community.
From the self Hartshorne moves by way
of analogical thinking and category stretching to describe other entities in the great chain of being (e.g., CSPM 53 - 56).
But even if we allowed the possibility
of analogical discourse, could we attribute even the vaguest meaning to these terms when they are applied to infinite, necessary, simple Being?
In his presentation, the argument that God exists as self - existent cause of all finite being is established first, and the problem
of analogical predication follows.
This is the gist
of The Analogical Imagination, a 1982 book by University of Chicago theologian David Tracy.
In difficult cases one asks not (for instance) whether the rule against murder has exceptions but whether this kind of case counts as murder - a question
of analogical judgment.
Not exact matches
All accept the Qur» an and the sunnah (Muhammad's example) as foundational but differ on the importance
of consensus in collective scholarly reasoning (ijma) and individual
analogical reasoning (qiyas).
All our thought and language about God is
analogical, and we must ever keep in mind the caution
of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) that «No similarity can be found so great but that the dissimilarity is even greater.»
In this case,
analogical thinking is forcing far too many among us to imagine that the only choices in Egypt today are the specter
of the Iranian Revolution or the friendly ghost
of the American Revolution.
If this confuses us, we should recall that the strict rules
of creaturely logic will at times tend to break down somewhat in the
analogical realms
of theological discourse.
1) It is maintained by some that the relationship was essentially
analogical - sequential: that is, imperial ideology did not directly shape ideas about Christ but, by virtue
of the obvious analogies between some key elements
of both, it made the ideas about Christ preached by the early Christians easily comprehensible and attractive to pagans.
3) However, I believe that the relationship is neither
analogical - sequential nor genealogical but can be best described as one
of polemical parallelism.
That meant that there is no direct conceptual approach to God, nor from God to human reality, by
analogical reasoning, but God's presence is hidden in the particulars
of history.
An outstanding example
of theology as hermeneutics is the work
of David Tracy, especially The
Analogical Imagination: Christian Theology and the Culture
of Pluralism.
Przywara (1889 - 1972) finds the formula for the
analogical foundation
of the Catholic Church in the Fourth Lateran Council 1215 decree that, «One can not note any similarity between Creator and creature, however great, without being compelled to note an even greater dissimilarity between them.»
The univocal and equivocal imaginations deny metaphor, deny that any new insight can come through the ordinary — the one flattens it to sameness, the other escapes from it — but what Lynch calls the
analogical imagination delves into the mundane, for it is precisely in and through the complexities
of historical, limited existence that insight comes, if it comes at all.
What Lynch is driving at with his insistence on the
analogical imagination, which finds in the images
of limitation «the path to whatever the self is seeking: to insight, or beauty, or, for that matter, to God,» is directly related to what I have called metaphor as method.
The fact is that although Mascall quite explicitly affirms the purely
analogical character
of even causality and existence as applied to God, (Existence and Analogy, p. 87.)
One need not be surprised if in the conflict between the apparent implications
of Biblical concepts, understood to be
analogical, with metaphysical concepts, understood to be univocal, it is the implications
of the Biblical concepts that give way.
Clearly, all
of this language about God must be understood as
analogical discourse.
A recently completed book on systematic theology (The
Analogical Imagination: Christian Theology and the Culture
of Pluralism [Crossroad, 1981]-RRB- defends a second, less obvious but no less genuine notion
of the kind
of publicness that systematic theologies actually achieve.
In order to continue a genuine affirmation
of pluralism despite the profound negative realities in the buzzing, blooming confusion
of this pluralistic moment, I have turned to a strategy I name «the
analogical imagination.»
The now beleaguered non-neo-conservatives in every tradition may find that something like an
analogical imagination is at work among us all, The need — my need and theirs — is to find better ways in the future
of articulating that imagination and that strategy in both theory and in practice.
A full defense
of this intuition as true (i.e., as «public») demands the kind
of argument and modes
of reflections which I have attempted in my recently completed work on systematic theology (The
Analogical Imagination).
Because all language involves a process
of abstracting certain elements in experience out
of the total complex in which they occur, it is necessarily
analogical and therefore imprecise: a word never refers to an absolutely discrete entity.
But there are two fundamentally different ways
of approaching such an explication, and they are correlative with the two primary ways
of understanding the language in which the confessional statement is made: the univocal, which takes the language as rigidly discursive, and the imagistic, which sees it as highly
analogical or symbolic.
Elements that appear problematic in light
of the metaphysical reference will not
of course be excised from the text but rather interpreted — i.e., recognized as highly
analogical or symbolic elements.
This approach (which is, I think, more impressionistic than
analogical) would have the advantage
of not forcing all religions into a single, narrow mold — a point to which I shall return.
And the term «Lord» has been interpreted like the word «king» as an
analogical description
of God's rule over creation, rather than a stand - in for the unpronounceable name.
These similarities are sufficient to allow the
analogical extension
of features
of language to signs interpreted by subhuman forms
of life, certainly those «higher grade
of organisms, as Whitehead terms them, capable
of learning.
In The
Analogical Imagination I tried to rethink the traditional Christian theological dialectic
of sacrament and word as the more primordial religious dialectic
of «manifestation» and «proclamation.»
Throughout the history
of the church, risky anthropomorphisms in Christian discourse were excused by appeal to the accommodated,
analogical, symbolic or poetic form
of the scriptural revelation.
In this context, the appeal to the Kerygma becomes an appeal to the act
of faith as being a knowledge
of the universal love
of God, concerning which a process metaphysics may provide
analogical knowledge obout.
The corrective I would like to urge upon Schubert Ogden, then, is not that he abandon his method
of process theology based upon
analogical thinking, but that he consider some means by which he might avoid the inevitable drift
of such thinking toward a closed rationalism, in which only man and his formulations speak forth.
For critical presentations
of approaches to this correlation, see David M. Tracy, The
Analogical Imagination: Christian Theology and the Culture
of Pluralism (New York: Crossroad Publishing Co., 1981); see also his Blessed Rage for Order (New York: Seabury Press, 1975); James A. Sanders, «Hermeneutics,» Interpreter's Dictionary
of the Bible: Supplement, ed.
If Aquinas at least tacitly acknowledges this by making all
analogical predications depend upon the clearly literal distinction between Creator and Creature, he can also seem not to acknowledge it by flatly declaring that we can not know
of God quid sit, but only an sit or quod sit.
These diverse traits are susceptible to an
analogical generalization which contributes to establishing the meaning
of the words «witness» and «testimony» in ordinary language.
McFague argues that images (whether symbolic /
analogical or parabolic / metaphorical) need interpretation through concepts and theories, but interpretation never exhausts the meaning
of images.
I submit that arguments
of this kind can have the force that Hartshorne takes them to have only if the whole
of our knowledge
of God, beyond our unavoidable experience
of «the inclusive something,» can be derived from such knowledge as we have
of ourselves, and hence is merely symbolic rather than truly
analogical.
But if any knowledge
of God mediated by psychical concepts would leave open the possibility
of its being merely symbolic instead
of truly
analogical, what could rule out this possibility?
Hartshorne explicitly recognizes this when he speaks
of the terms that he distinguishes as
analogical in the strict sense as «problematic,» in that they are «neither unambiguously literal nor unambiguously non-literal» (1970a, 156).
In an essay entitled «The Idea
of God — Literal or
Analogical?»
It would appear that Hartshorne is here depending, in effect, if not in so many words, upon something like the distinction made in the Thomistic theory
of analogy between what is meant by an
analogical term (the res significata) and how the term means (its modus significandi)(Thomas Aquinas 1964, 56 - 59, 66 - 71).
Moreover, as we learned from our earlier discussion, he can occasionally speak even
of a purely formal concept like «relativity» as being in a broad sense
analogical, because it has systematically different senses as explicative
of the meaning
of different logical types.
What is at least
analogical in the scheme is the idea
of prehension as dependence
of an actuality on other actualities, or
of participation, feeling
of feeling, experience
of experience, together with sense
of futurity.
If, on the contrary, they are taken strictly, in any one
of the senses they have when applied solely to entities within a single logical type, he is equally justified in holding that they are then used in the same sense, and, therefore, are literal, not
analogical, even when applicable to God.