Sentences with phrase «of animal lineages»

Although the diversity of sponges and their uncertain phylogeny make it doubtful that any single species can reveal the intricacies of early animal evolution, comparison of the A. queenslandica draft genome with sequences from other species can provide a conservative estimate of the genome of the common ancestor of all animals and the timing and nature of the genomic events that led to the origin and early evolution of animal lineages.

The sponge was indeed at the base of animal lineage, and just above it were the cnidarians, such as jellyfish, anemones, and corals.

Not exact matches

To the contrary, it is more fantastic than we can imagine — hundreds of billions (trillions) of galaxies with hundreds of billions (trillions) of stars, nearly all of which have planets, some right for life; planets so hot that they rain glass; stars made of diamonds; the lineage of animals from singled celled organisms to the incredible variety that exists today with their unique adaptations.

We know of only one lineage of primates, a little animal called Purgatorius, that lived before this hypothetical asteroid hit.

Animal sacrifice would be reinsti.tuted as well as a preistly class of people that can only be born into it, so everyone would have to try and trace their lineage all the way back to Aaron (moses brother).

«This may be the first example of human behaviour generating a new ecotype or lineage of an animal,» says Joe Tobias of the Edward Grey Institute at the Department of Zoology at the University of Oxford in the UK.

However, the results of more recent phylogenetic analyses, derived from comparisons between sequences of specific genes and of whole genomes, seemed to point to Ctenophora as the first group that parted company with the lineage from which the rest of the animal kingdom (including sponges) evolved.

The evolution of complexity The traditional view of the issue postulates that the sponges were the first group to diverge from the lineage that gave rise to all other animals — in other words, Porifera are the sister group of all other animal species.

«If ctenophores diverged first, these organ systems likely have been present in the common ancestor of all animals — and sponges and placozoans must subsequently have lost them — or complex traits like nerve cells and muscles must have emerged independently several times in different lineages,» Wörheide explains.

They push back the origins of the lineage and show that it evolved immediately after the end of the Permian extinction — the biggest clear - out of life the world has ever seen, when 95 per cent of animal species went extinct (Proceedings of the Royal Society B, DOI: 10.1098 / rspb.2010.1746).

New research led by the University of Bristol has resolved evolutionary biology's most - heated debate, revealing it is the morphologically simple sponges, rather than the anatomically complex comb jellies, which represent the oldest lineage of living animals.

Although the auditory systems of the four - legged animals have undergone many changes since, they have in common the middle ear with eardrum and ossicles, which emerged independently in the major lineages.

«Although we saw some of the hallmark characteristics of bilateral growth and development, we don't believe Dickinsonia was a precursor to today's bilaterians, rather that these are two distinct groups that shared a common set of ancestral genes that are present throughout the animal lineage,» Evans said.

Horse breeding records are some of the most impressive efforts to chronicle animal lineages in human history, with some stretching back thousands of years.

«What allowed this lineage of animals to start to exploit the land was not just a matter of changing the fins to limbs but also the ability to move their head so they could navigate in shallow water,» says Ted Daeschler, a team coleader and a paleontologist at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia.

For years, evolutionary biologists have believed that the sedentary sponge — that mushy aquatic creature so rudimentary it doesn't even have tissues or nerves — branched off the animal family tree before any other lineage, making it a relic of the very first animal on earth.

Shaw says the results suggest that general intelligence «has evolved independently in the avian lineage» and that parallel evolution of general intelligence among animals «could be more widespread than we currently realize.»

Albano Beja - Pereira, a molecular biologist from CIBIO - University of Porto, Portugal, sampled donkey DNA from 52 countries and found that the modern - day animals are descended from two lineages domesticated in northeast Africa about 5,000 years ago, making the donkey the only significant domesticated species that originated in Africa.

Permian 250 million years ago; wiped out more than 90 percent of marine species and drastically affected lineages of four - footed animals on land.

The over-representation detected in our study supports the neural crest as key to animal domestication and to the rise of common domestic traits in independent animal lineages,» concludes Professor Ludovic Orlando.

About 75 percent of the animals went through a population expansion, with only about 50 percent of those lineages expanding together.

But as long as the molecular clock ticks at a constant rate in different animal lineages this information can still be of use.

On our lineage, the chordate design emerges, with a cord of nerves down the middle of the animal's back and a brain at one end.

Scientists have identified a fossil just a millimeter long as the earliest known sponge, helping resolve debates about when the sponge lineage diverged from that of more familiar animals.

The discovery that mutations accumulate at steady rates over time in the genes of all lineages of plants and animals has led to new insights into evolution at the molecular and the organismal levels

The lineage of most of the bulls in current Holstein herds, for example, can be traced back over a hundred years to just a few bulls, said Liu, who worked with Ti - Cheng Chang and Yang Yang, both former post-doctoral fellows in animal science at Penn State, and the late Ernest Retzel, National Center for Genome Resources.

But because none of Chlamy's miRNA sequences resemble those of plants or animals, Qi speculates that each group of gene - controllers arose independently in the three lineages.

Molecular analysis of the VHH repertoires of two sets of immunized animals showed that each neutralizing lineage was only observed following immunization, demonstrating that they were elicited de novo.

Distinct neutralizing antibody lineages were identified in each animal, including two defined by novel antibodies (as variable regions called VHH) identified by robotic screening of over 6000 clones.

As a result of a number of natural animal lineages with this mutation, myostatin knockout is by far the most examined and tested of all potential gene therapies.

A proteome - based phylogeny shows that the amoebozoa diverged from the animal - fungal lineage after the plant - animal split, but Dictyostelium seems to have retained more of the diversity of the ancestral genome than have plants, animals or fungi.

The lack of a universal male reproductive factor among all animal lineages, while consistent with rapid evolution of male reproductive genes, is in contrast to the prevalence of sexual reproduction and in particular to the similarity in male gametogenesis among metazoan animals [34], [69].

The origins of many of these and other genes specific to animal processes such as cell adhesion, and social control of cell proliferation, death and differentiation can be traced to genomic events (gene birth, subfamily expansions, intron gain / loss, and so on) that occurred in the lineage that led to the metazoan ancestor, after animals diverged from their unicellular «cousins».

The presence of Boule in various animals provided the rare opportunity to examine how selective forces shaped the molecular evolution of a reproduction - specific gene in distant lineages.

Interestingly, this result shows that Boule has a spermatogenesis - specific requirement conserved in at least two distant lineages of bilateral animals, making it a strong candidate for a conserved male gametogenesis factor between Drosophila and mammals.

Despite a large number of sex - specific gametogenesis proteins uncovered in the model organisms Drosophila, C. elegans and mice, no conserved male - or female - specific gametogenic factors common to all lineages of animals have been clearly demonstrated [30]--[33].

While spermatogenesis occurs in the testes of different animal lineages, it is not known if either spermatogenesis or the testis itself is evolutionarily related between vertebrates and invertebrates.

Dazl arose through duplication from ancestral Boule during the evolution of bony fish, possibly after its split from lamprey and cartilaginous fish but prior to the divergence of ray - finned fish and lobe - finned fish (i.e. tetrapod animal lineage).

Examination of Boule evolution in insect and mammalian lineages, representing the Protostome and Deuterostome clades of bilateral animals, failed to detect any evidence for accelerated evolution.

Sponges are considered to lie on the earliest branching lineage in the animal kingdom, a sister group of the «true» animals or eumetazoa.

For example, 28 % of the amino acid substitutions between humans and their last common ancestor with choanoflagellates occurred on the metazoan stem lineage (bold line in Fig. 1d), before the divergence of sponges from other animals.

However, Boule homologs have been maintained throughout all major lineages of animals from a common eumetazoan ancestral gene and are required only for sperm development in both Drosophila and mice.

If the unc - 9 focus of action is derived from AB, we expected to find rare Unc - 9 non-Rubberband animals arising from loss of mnDp3 only in the AB lineage.

While aging impairs the osteogenic lineage, high - fat diet feeding activates expansion of the adipogenic lineage, an effect that is significantly enhanced in aged animals.

Tagsanimals, evolution, horses, biology, Yakutian horses, Yakut populations, University of Copenhagen, siberia, eastern siberia, Arctic Circle, environment, Fossil Evidence, ancestors, Lineages, evolutionary adaptations, extreme weather, Cold Weather, Mongolia, rapid evolution, domesticated animals

Chemosynthetic symbioses evolved independently multiple times in at least nine animal phyla and from at least 12 lineages of free - living bacteria.

Players will have to kill and feed on other animals and procreate with animals of the same species to prolong their lineage for as many game years as possible to amass the most survival points.

One of the reasons she began breeding was to contribute healthy and well - socialized animals to the community by introducing lineage (pedigree) into the pet population.

Smaller kibble size, feeding smaller more frequent meals, and not breeding animals with a history of GDV in their lineage may potentially decrease the risk of GDV for the animal and future generations.

The last thing any purebred animal lineage needs is total lack of genetic diversity to draw upon to create future generations.