Sentences with phrase «of atmospheric layers»

I would say that there is a partitioning of atmospheric layers, aligned by the fluid dynamic actions of the whole atmospheric mass, mediated by gravity, pressure, and convective heat transport.

Without the cutesy back radiation into a warmer surface invention, it might be easier to explain the potential radiative impact of CO2 and with a better model of the atmospheric layers, understand why it is not living up to its potential.

What is more, because Jupiter's microwave emissions vary in wavelength based on the pressure (as well as temperature) of the atmospheric layers where they originate, observations at multiple wavelengths allow researchers to create a cross-section through the atmosphere.

But it's also very probable than high SST will induce an higher instability of the atmospheric layer.

The atmospheric layer will absorb the amount Bs * [1 — exp -LRB--- TAU)-RSB-, where TAU is the optical depth of the atmospheric layer.

Note that both the top and bottom sections of the atmospheric layer will absorb a tiny fraction Bs * [1 — exp -LRB--- dTAU)-RSB-, and they will similarly radiate the essentially equal amounts of energy 2 * Ba * [1 — exp -LRB--- dTAU)-RSB-.

Ray: «The IR flux from the warmer surface excites much of the CO2 — much more than would be excited at thermal equilibrium at the temperature of the atmospheric layer where the photon is absorbed.»

If this heat were instantly trans - ferred to the lower 10 km of the global atmosphere it would result in a volume mean warming of this atmospheric layer by approximately 36 C (65 F).

Urban pollution concentrations depend on the magnitude of local emissions sources and the prevailing meteorological ventilation of the area — i.e., the height of the atmospheric layer through which the pollutants are being mixed and the average wind speed through that layer.

If this heat were instantly transferred to the lower 10 km of the global atmosphere it would result in a volume mean warming of this atmospheric layer by approximately 36 C (65 F).»

Not exact matches

This «would create a persistent layer of black carbon particles in the northern stratosphere that could cause potentially significant changes in the global atmospheric circulation and distributions of ozone and temperature,» they concluded.

We know that contained in these ice layers there are bubbles of atmospheric gases, particulate matter and other distince indicators of the climate at the time the layers were formed.

This month, NASA aircraft will begin studying a natural atmospheric laboratory off the coast of Namibia, where a layer of smoke wafts over a low cloud deck.

Those techniques have led to everything from the development of catalysts that remove poisonous carbon monoxide from car exhaust to the understanding of how ice crystals in stratospheric clouds supercharge atmospheric chlorine's ability to destroy the planet's protective ozone layer.

To survive 50 millennia and return its payload to Earth intact, KEO must have many layers of shielding — aluminum to protect against oxidation, tungsten and titanium to protect against meteors and cosmic rays, ceramic to protect against the heat of atmospheric reentry.

Rather, they are the result of the peculiar processes that unfold in a place cold enough that atmospheric carbon dioxide can freeze into snowy layers of dry ice.

Black carbon aerosols — particles of carbon that rise into the atmosphere when biomass, agricultural waste, and fossil fuels are burned in an incomplete way — are important for understanding climate change, as they absorb sunlight, leading to higher atmospheric temperatures, and can also coat Arctic snow with a darker layer, reducing its reflectivity and leading to increased melting.

That heated surface air then rose into the atmospheric boundary layer — the lowest level of the troposphere — doubling its height to more than 4 kilometers, and creating a thick blanket of heat.

Understanding the transition between the atmospheric layer and the more rigid layers that lie beneath will be revealed during the remainder of Juno's primary mission over the next couple of years.

The meeting was the first large - scale attempt to bridge the gap between scientists and policymakers on a wide range of atmospheric problems, including not just the greenhouse effect but also acid rain and the depletion of the protective layer of ozone in the stratosphere.

To investigate the layers and composition of clouds and tiny airborne particles like dust, smoke and other atmospheric aerosols,, scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland have developed an instrument called the Cloud - Aerosol Transport System, or CATS.

The lead surrounding the stars — which was part of the original cloud of gas and dust from which these stars formed, not generated by reactions in the evolving stars themselves — may be dispersed within an atmospheric layer as much as 100 kilometers thick (depicted patchily in pink) that altogether weighs up to 100 billion metric tons.

This atmospheric layer includes molecules that absorb ultraviolet and visible light, acting as a kind of «sunscreen» for the planet it surrounds.

Extensive layers of atmospheric haze can be seen in images of Pluto taken by New Horizons.

As a result of this, more of the CO2 bound in organic matter remains in the surface layer, which reduces the ocean's potential to take up atmospheric CO2.»

Reactions in and on sea - salt aerosol particles may have a strong influence on oxidation processes in the marine boundary layer through the production of halogen radicals, and reactions on mineral aerosols may significantly affect the cycles of nitrogen, sulfur, and atmospheric oxidants.

In the new study, the researchers used a state - of - the - art 3D computer model of atmospheric chemistry to investigate what would have happened to the ozone layer if the Montreal Protocol had not been implemented.

Instead, a new study suggests, the phenomena occur when four types of slow - moving, high - altitude atmospheric waves merge over a small region and, in turn, temporarily drive a 10 - fold - or - stronger brightening of an ever - present glow in the upper atmosphere (green layer in the image above).

This investigation also provides detailed information on the atmospheric structure of the thermosphere, the layer of the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere, by comparing and helping to refine models based on de-orbit data.

Because the vast plateau at such altitudes absorbs a huge amount of solar radiation, the atmospheric layer above it in summer is much warmer than air at similar elevations over lower land or the oceans.

University of Washington atmospheric scientist Qiang Fu and his colleagues used a second channel, sensitive almost exclusively to the stratosphere, to quantify this layers exact contribution to channel 2 readings.

Pollutants that gather from India and China in the lowlands around the mountains can be boosted as high as 18 kilometers, reaching the stratosphere — the atmospheric layer directly above the troposphere that contains most of Earth's ozone.

The new study, published in the June 1 issue of the Astrophysical Journal, suggests that clouds or haze layers could be preventing a substantial amount of atmospheric water from being detected by space telescopes.

So it was a surprise when NASA's MAVEN spacecraft found layers of atmospheric metal ions (Geophysical Research Letters, doi.org/b5nf).

Prior to atmospheric entry at 14:42 GMT, contact via the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), the world's largest interferometric array, located near Pune, India, was established just after it began transmitting a beacon signal 75 minutes before reaching the upper layers of the Martian atmosphere.

The council is to step up its research into atmospheric pollution, and says that this could result in the re-routeing of aircraft to avoid damage to the ozone layer.

But these cores formed under the weight of their planets» outer layers, under pressures of around 500 gigapascals — 5 million times atmospheric pressure on Earth — and typical temperatures of about 6,000 kelvin.

The corona is heated to millions of degrees, yet the lower atmospheric layers like the photosphere — the visible surface of the Sun — are only heated to a few thousand degrees.

But recently teams have been able to observe that at pressures of 2 - to - 3.5 million times normal atmospheric pressure it transforms into an unexpected structure consisting of layered sheets, rather than a close - packed metal as had been predicted many years ago.

Regional trends are notoriously problematic for models, and seems more likely to me that the underprediction of European warming has to do with either the modeled ocean temperature pattern, the modelled atmospheric response to this pattern, or some problem related to the local hydrological cycle and boundary layer moisture dynamics.

Propose numerical experiments aiming to refine numerical techniques and the formulation of atmospheric physics processes, boundary layer processes and land surface processes in models.

While the large atmospheric pressure at the surface and the high altitude of the Venusian cloud layer appears to exclude the possibility of cloud - to - ground lightning (Gurnett et al. 2001; Aplin 2006), several authors have suggested that lightning discharges above, between or within clouds may occur (Borucki 1982; Russell & Scarf 1990; Gurnett et al. 2001).

Pluto — Norgay Montes (left foreground); Hillary Montes (skyline); Sputnik Planitia (right) Near - sunset view includes several layers of atmospheric haze.

This corresponds in scope (not un-coincidentally) to the atmospheric component of General Circulation Models (GCMs) coupled to (at least) a mixed - layer ocean.

Application of remotely piloted aircraft systems in observing the atmospheric boundary layer over Antarctic sea ice in winter, Polar Research, 34 (25651)

«Data collected by satellites and balloon - borne instruments since 1979 indicate little if any warming of the low - to mid - troposphere — the atmospheric layer extending up to about 5 miles from the Earth's surface.

Here we present a chronology for the deep part of the core (67.8 - 31.2 ka BP), which is based on stratigraphic matching to annual - layer - counted Greenland ice cores using globally well - mixed atmospheric methane.

Name one detrimental effect of UV light when it is not stopped by ozone in upper atmospheric layers.

Wang, W., and M. Schlesinger, 1999: The dependence on convection parameterization of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation simulated by the UIUC 11 - layer atmospheric GCM.

«People had considered whether you could get a subsurface layer of water somewhere on Pluto» states New Horizons co-investigator Richard Binzel, professor of earth, atmospheric and planetary sciences at MIT.