From its sequence, researchers already knew that the 1918 HA gene resembled
that of avian flu viruses.
According to Earl Brown, professor of medicine at the University of Ottawa, the more limited ability
of the avian flu virus to infect cells in the human airway thus also appears to be associated with infection of the deep areas of the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
Not exact matches
The combined pressures
of climate change and epidemics sweeping through intensive animal agriculture such as H5N2
avian flu and porcine epidemic diarrhea
virus (PEDV) are growing challenges for industrial agriculture, and workers organizing to demand fair pay and conditions combined with increasing consumer pressure for greater transparency and better treatment
of land, animals, and workers, are having an effect.
(These proteins serve as the basis for influenza nomenclature; for instance, the H5N1
virus refers to specific classes
of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which in this example correspond to an
avian flu subtype.)
As controversy rages around the scientists who created mutant strains
of the H5N1
avian influenza
virus, leading
flu researchers have called for a 60 - day voluntary pause on such work.
Michael Osterholm, director
of the University
of Minnesota's Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy in Minneapolis, points out that the 2004 document was based on input from an international panel
of 22 scientists and public - health officials, in response to the threat
of the deadly H5N1
avian flu virus.
Chairul Nidom
of Airlangga University in Surabaya, Indonesia, and colleagues in Japan, have been tracking H5N1 in pigs since 2005 in Indonesia, the country hardest hit by the
avian flu virus.
A triple reassortment strain
of an H1N2
virus, with genes from
avian, swine and human
flu, has been shown to jump easily via air to mammals
Genetic analysis shows that the
virus is a mix
of avian and swine
viruses from North America, a swine
flu strain usually seen in Asia, and a human influenza strain.
Frankel took the example
of the
avian flu research that in 2011 sparked a fierce debate about whether it should be published, given that it identified mutations that could make the H5N1
virus much more transmittable to humans.
The findings come amid ongoing concerns about
flu pandemics launched by
avian flu viruses and the global rise
of obesity.
One study from Taiwan tracked
avian flu outbreaks downwind
of Asian dust storms and found that the
flu virus might be transported long - distance by air spiked with the dust.
So far, the killer
virus looks like a run -
of - the - mill swine
flu, not an
avian virus as some virologists had suspected — leaving scientists to wonder why the strain was so deadly.
All subtypes (but not all strains
of all subtypes)
of Influenza A
virus are adapted to birds, which is why for many purposes
avian flu virus is the Influenza A
virus (note that the «A» does not stand for «
avian»).
The cytokine response to the
avian flu virus, H5N1, is particularly vociferous, and some thought that this «cytokine storm» might be the main cause
of death.
Yoshihiro Kawaoka
of the University
of Wisconsin at Madison studied a hybrid
flu virus made from the
avian H5 and the human H1N1 pandemic
flu of 2009.
The human influenza
virus H1N1 that caused the 2009
flu pandemic, and H9N2, an
avian influenza
virus that is endemic in bird populations in Asia, are close cousins — close enough that they can swap genes if they find themselves in the same cell, resulting in new
viruses that are a patchwork
of the parent strains.
Similar to the results obtained with cultured human cells, the transgenic mice were resistant to
avian influenza
viruses but susceptible to
flu viruses of human origin.
More importantly, Gack found that
avian, swine, and human
flu viruses block TRIM25 to evade immune defense by RIG - I, unraveling a molecular target for the design
of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
The new
viruses that are created by this process are more likely to be able to jump to a new species than those created by the simple mutations
of antigenic drift (which is why «swine
flu» and «
avian flu» are portrayed as particularly ominous in relation to human infection).
In a recent development, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was forced to admit that a patented liquid silver solution called Axen30TM when used as a surface disinfectant had the ability to kill multiple strains
of MRSA plus additional deadly pathogens such as
Avian Influenza A (Bird
Flu), Human Corona
virus (SARS), Feline Calicivirus (Norovirus), Rotavirus, Campylobacter jjejuni and Acinetobacter baumannii.
Avian flu infections may increase in consequence to increase
of virus circulation.
In Science Times this week, he provides a valuable update on the H5N1
virus behind recent outbreaks
of avian flu.
It's worth pondering this question anew, given the debate that's erupted over efforts to limit publication
of details
of new research producing a deadly strain
of the H5N1
avian flu virus that's transmissible in ferrets, which are a research stand - in for humans.