Lind is a Mennonite, so readers will be pretty sure where he is heading with his analysis, but if they have an interest in the fine points
of biblical hermeneutics, the journey on which he takes them is quite enlightening.
As we turn in the next chapter to consider the evangelical church's role in society, we will see that matters of a correct theological understanding of social ethics - one resting in Biblical authority - do not hinge so much on the issue
of Biblical hermeneutics as they do on the matter of conflicting loyalties to ecclesiological traditions.
From the doctrine of God, we must turn in our discussion of authority to the matter
of Biblical hermeneutics and questions of theological formation.
To reject the task
of Biblical hermeneutics would be theological suicide.
Not exact matches
Revisiting late medieval
biblical interpretation, we may consider the delicacy
of the
hermeneutic circle formed by Scripture and tradition, appreciating the fragility
of a synthesis that refuses to impose on ancient consensus a linear, hierarchical path to truth.
Knust shows absolutely no awareness
of Biblical exegesis,
hermeneutics, genre, social and historical context, or even a rudimentary understanding
of what's prescriptive or descriptive text in some
of the historical
Biblical narratives.
The
biblical hermeneutic of Christian Zionism distorts
biblical texts by reading them out
of their canonical and historical context, making them seem more like such fictional works as the «Left Behind» series than the whole Word
of God.
In her review, Keller says, «You began your project by ignoring (actually, by pretending you did not know about) the most basic rules
of hermeneutics and
biblical interpretation that have been agreed upon for centuries.»
Focusing on the most hyperbolic elements
of the project, and totally ignoring the legitimate questions I raise throughout the book, Keller and others have chastised me as silly, unable to handle basic
biblical hermeneutics.
As in other cases, Rowan Williams is characteristic: his theology is deeply informed by Luther, Schleiermacher, Barth, Rahner, von Balthasar, Bonhoeffer and other continental Europeans, besides theologies from other parts
of the world, and his recent book On Christian Theology covers theological method,
biblical hermeneutics, creation, sin, Jesus Christ, incarnation, church, sacraments, ethics and eschatology, with the Trinity as the integrator.
Theological
hermeneutics should have a «spiral structure» in which there is ongoing circulation between culture, tradition, and
biblical text, each enriching the understanding
of the other.
One: What makes interpretation
of a
Biblical text an exercise in process
hermeneutics — that is, is it the application
of process theory
of interpretation, or that it involves the use
of process categories?
By contrast the second kind
of argument mounted under the banner
of process
hermeneutics supports a claim that such - and - such a tenet
of process theology is «
Biblical theology» in the sense
of being compatible with what some
Biblical texts say on a theological topic.
One
of the claims made on behalf
of a process
hermeneutics is that it can invite and empower the interpreter to be equally attentive to all aspects
of Biblical texts.
In these arguments the move from data consisting
of Biblical texts construed in a certain way to conclusions concerning what truly is a tenet in some
Biblical theology is warranted by process
hermeneutics, strictly understood, i.e., a process theory
of understanding.
I suggest that it really is not «
hermeneutics» at all, neither «process»
hermeneutics nor any other, although it nonetheless is certainly a kind
of theology, even a kind
of «
Biblical theology.»
Two: It seems that these exercises in process
hermeneutics are done as exercises in
Biblical theology; but it is «
Biblical theology» in two quite different senses
of the term (although they could be interrelated).
Of course, process theology can not fulfil this responsibility without interpreting Scripture, and the separation of process theology in recent decades from the close involvement in Biblical scholarship of the earlier Chicago school has led to critical weaknesses which are only now being addressed.1 Nevertheless, for process theology the appropriate relationship to the Bible can not be exhausted by hermeneuti
Of course, process theology can not fulfil this responsibility without interpreting Scripture, and the separation
of process theology in recent decades from the close involvement in Biblical scholarship of the earlier Chicago school has led to critical weaknesses which are only now being addressed.1 Nevertheless, for process theology the appropriate relationship to the Bible can not be exhausted by hermeneuti
of process theology in recent decades from the close involvement in
Biblical scholarship
of the earlier Chicago school has led to critical weaknesses which are only now being addressed.1 Nevertheless, for process theology the appropriate relationship to the Bible can not be exhausted by hermeneuti
of the earlier Chicago school has led to critical weaknesses which are only now being addressed.1 Nevertheless, for process theology the appropriate relationship to the Bible can not be exhausted by
hermeneutic.
With a number
of fellow pastors who became lifelong friends, Rauschenbusch studied, read, talked, debated and plumbed the new social theories
of the day, especially those
of the non-Marxist socialists whom John C. Cort has recently traced in Christian Socialism (Orbis, 1988) The pastors wove these theories together with
biblical themes to form» «Christian Sociology,» a
hermeneutic of social history that allowed them to see the power
of God's kingdom being actualized through the democratization
of the economic system (see James T. Johnson, editor, The Bible in American Law, Politics and Rhetoric [Scholars Press, 1985]-RRB- They pledged themselves to new efforts to make the spirit
of Christianity the core
of social renewal at a time when agricultural - village life was breaking down and urban - cosmopolitan patterns were not yet fully formed.
The structure
of the report, combined with these explicit statements, indicates clearly that what is called for is
biblical hermeneutics.
For prayers based on specific
biblical texts and events, this pattern
of interconnections also fosters a theocentric
hermeneutic which resists any supersessionism.
Some
of the insights provided by the first phase
of liberation theology seem too important to let slip between the cracks — for instance, the centrality
of the category «the poor» for
biblical interpretation; the awareness
of structural, not just individual, evil; the use
of the social sciences as dialogue partner for theological discourse; and the need to apply a
hermeneutic of suspicion to theology itself.
Such an approach leads to creative thinking and approaches to
biblical hermeneutics, rather than simply consigning something to the trash bin
of «error.»
This is not the place to draw out the implications this view has for our practice
of hermeneutics and
biblical interpretation.
Hans W Frei, The Eclipse
of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century
Hermeneutics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974).
He published the original version
of The Identity
of Jesus Christ: The Hermeneutical Bases
of Dogmatic Theology in a Presbyterian adult education magazine called Crossroads in 1967, but it did not appear in book form until 1975 (Fortress), the year after he published The Eclipse
of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteenth - and Nineteenth - Century
Hermeneutics (Yale University Press, 1974).
The earliest and most developed
of these is African - American
biblical hermeneutics.
Whereas the various perspectives discussed so far under the rubric
of cultural
hermeneutics are distinctively Christian, the same can not be said for feminist
biblical hermeneutics.
The interpretation developed in the base Christian communities was paralleled by the work
of theologians and
biblical scholars, who articulated the principles of liberation hermeneutics in a series of important studies (see, especially Leonardo Boff and Clodovis Boff, Introducing Liberation Theology, and J. Severino Croatto, Biblical Hermeneutics: Toward a Theory of Reading in the Production of M
biblical scholars, who articulated the principles
of liberation
hermeneutics in a series of important studies (see, especially Leonardo Boff and Clodovis Boff, Introducing Liberation Theology, and J. Severino Croatto, Biblical Hermeneutics: Toward a Theory of Reading in the Production
hermeneutics in a series
of important studies (see, especially Leonardo Boff and Clodovis Boff, Introducing Liberation Theology, and J. Severino Croatto,
Biblical Hermeneutics: Toward a Theory of Reading in the Production of M
Biblical Hermeneutics: Toward a Theory of Reading in the Production
Hermeneutics: Toward a Theory
of Reading in the Production
of Meaning).
The
biblical text was strictly defined, there were no subtexts, and
hermeneutics was more like a home repair manual than an intuitive art, a set
of rules for applying textbook formulas to problematic situations.
In the wake
of Latin American liberation
hermeneutics, religious communities and academics in the various countries
of Africa and Asia have developed analogous forms
of biblical interpretation that work from the particular experiences
of those nations.
As the study
of the history and science
of biblical interpretation (
Hermeneutics) demonstrates, the context
of the reader heavily influences the interpretation
of texts.
Anyone who spends time browsing there will find the stalls flooded with books that apply a
hermeneutic of suspicion to
biblical texts.
Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, for example, writes that «a feminist critical
hermeneutics of suspicion places a warning label on all
biblical texts: Caution!
With such major centers
of the new evangelicalism as Fuller Seminary now showing a good deal more affinity to neo-orthodoxy than to fundamentalism (see Gerald T. Sheppard, «
Biblical Hermeneutics: The Academic Language
of Evangelical Identity,» Union Seminary Quarterly Review 32 [Winter 1977, pp. 81 - 94]-RRB-, surely we must be cautious both about assuming flatly a «decline»
of classic liberalism and about implying a one - to - one relation between the liberal ideologies, whatever their current condition, and the oldline denominational structures.
Basing his
hermeneutic on Oscar Cullmann's analysis
of the
biblical pattern
of event and interpretation, new event and reinterpretation, he says:
Cox pointed to the significant work
of hermeneutics which needed to take place in order to translate the gospel message from the
biblical rural environment to an urban one.
While
Biblical hermeneutics provided the key to an understanding
of the role
of women in the church and family, dialogue between those whose traditions have heard the Word
of God differently in other times and places held the key for the discussion
of social ethics, and engagement with the full range
of cultural activity (from psychotherapy to radical protest, from personal testimony to scientific statement) was the locus for theological evaluation concerning homosexuality.
Gerald T. Sheppard, «
Biblical Hermeneutics: The Academic Language
of Evangelical Identity,» Union Seminary Quarterly Review 32 (Winter 1977): 84, 88
It's ironic that some complementarains have criticized A Year
of Biblical Womanhood for employing an inconsistent
hermeneutic without seeming to realize that this was exactly what I intended to do with the project.
A number
of communions have done for evangelism what for too long has been done only for Christian education and stewardship: provided extensive training processes, with all the hallmarks
of sound pedagogy, insight into personal and social psychology, and good
biblical hermeneutics.
Some background: Rachel Held Evans has made a career out
of undermining fidelity to the teachings
of Scripture by ridiculing simplistic or non-existent notions
of biblical interpretation (
hermeneutics), while practicing a flawed
hermeneutic of her own that often seems to be little more than an extension
of her own ideology.
Both sides, however, have been coming to a growing appreciation
of each other's concerns, with mainline denominations placing more emphasis on
biblical hermeneutics and theological conservatives sounding the call to contextualize theology.
See J. Severino Croatto, «
Biblical Hermeneutics in the Theologies
of Liberation,» Irruption
of the Third World: Challenge to Theology, eds.
By way
of one such attempt at a new paradigm for
biblical studies, I propose a dialectical
hermeneutic whose dynamic moments might be schematically outlined as follows:
And in its quiet and unpretentious way the Guild for Psychological Studies has already for several decades been practicing a method
of biblical study which achieves the same end for
biblical hermeneutics.
The chapter headings give us an overview
of the work: Ignorance
of Scripture is ignorance
of Christ: the theological project
of Joseph Ratzinger; The critique
of criticism: beginning the search for a new theological synthesis; The
hermeneutic of faith: critical and historical foundations for a
biblical theology; The spiritual science
of theology: its mission and method in the life
of the church; Reading God's testament to humankind:
biblical realism, typology, and the inner unity
of revelation; The theology
of the divine economy: covenant, kingdom, and the history
of salvation; The embrace
of salvation: mystagogy and the transformation ofsacrifice; The cosmic liturgy: the Eucharistic kingdom and the world as temple; The authority
of mystery: the beauty and necessity
of the theologian's task.
There is
biblical history, theology, archaeology, «criticism,» and
hermeneutics (what happens to the Bible at the modern end
of the sausage grinder).
It must operate open - eyed in the midst
of the problem
of hermeneutics, or principles
of interpretation, as these are propounded by the
biblical record.
In the absence
of a thoughtful
hermeneutic, we on the committee found ourselves ornamenting our drafts with
biblical quotations, never saying why we chose them as we did.