Sentences with phrase «of black carbon aerosols»

Meehl, G. A., Arblaster, J. M., & Collins, W. D. Effects of black carbon aerosols on the Indian monsoon.

Menon, S., J.E. Hansen, L. Nazarenko, and Y. Luo, 2002: Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India.

By using smaller grids — with spacing of just a few kilometers rather than several tens of kilometers as in conventional current models — they were able to show that they could more realistically model the amount of black carbon aerosols, mitigating the underestimation in more coarse - grained models.

Overall, the new measures would lower global anthropogenic emissions of methane by 50 % and of black carbon aerosols, also known as soot, by 80 %.

Not exact matches

One aerosol, black carbon, is of increasing concern for Arctic nations worried about the pace of climate change in the far north, which is warming twice as fast as the global average.

Scientists are also trying to figure out the role that aerosol particles — including a component of soot known as black carbon — play in influencing the behavior of Himalayan glaciers.

Carbonaceous PM is made up of black carbon, primary organic aerosol (POA) and, especially, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which is known to contain harmful reactive oxygen species and can damage lung tissue.

Another study, published last year in Reviews of Geophysics, lists the man - made aerosols as coming from sulfates, nitrate and black carbon emitted by internal combustion engines, coal - fired power plants, slash - and - burn agricultural practices, and smoke from cooking.

To find out if these inaccuracies could be mitigated, a team of scientists decided to use the Japanese K computer to perform fine - grained simulations of how black carbon aerosols are transported to and distributed in the Arctic region.

Black carbon aerosols — particles of carbon that rise into the atmosphere when biomass, agricultural waste, and fossil fuels are burned in an incomplete way — are important for understanding climate change, as they absorb sunlight, leading to higher atmospheric temperatures, and can also coat Arctic snow with a darker layer, reducing its reflectivity and leading to increased melting.

In the past, numerous studies have identified black carbon aerosols emitted from combustion of fossil fuels and residential biofuels as the dominant light - absorbing aerosol over South Asia.

Xiao used battery powered aerosol monitors to measure indoor concentrations of fine particulate matter, or particles 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller, which consists mainly of black carbon and organic carbon.

Indeed, the reduction in the emission of precursors to polluting particles (sulphur dioxide) would diminish the concealing effects of Chinese aerosols, and would speed up warming, unless this effect were to be compensated elsewhere, for instance by significantly reducing long - life greenhouse gas emissions and «black carbon.»

Taking factors such as sea surface temperature, greenhouse gases and natural aerosol particles into consideration, the researchers determined that changes in the concentration of black carbon could be the primary driving force behind the observed alterations to the hydrological cycle in the region.

Soot particles, also known as black carbon aerosols, affect climate by absorbing sunlight, which warms the surrounding air and limits the amount of solar radiation that reaches the ground.

Clouds and other factors, like aerosols and black carbon, also influence the albedo of Earth.

Forest fires in the lower latitudes, however, are actually beneficial sources of black carbon because it is coupled with organic aerosols and ends up reflecting light and heat, causing the surrounding area to cool.

Preliminary analyses show that most of the pollution was sulphate aerosols — along with dust and carbonaceous particles such as black carbon.

I guess I am surprised that with better understanding of the importance of water vapor feedback, sulfate aerosols, black carbon aerosols, more rapid than expected declines in sea ice and attendant decreases in albedo, effects of the deposition of soot and dust on snow and ice decreasing albedo, and a recognition of the importance of GHGs that were probably not considered 30 years ago, that the sensitivity has changed so little over time.

For example, the authors acknowledge the role of aerosols in stimulating clouds to form and the darkening of snow and ice by black carbon, adding that there is still too much uncertainty to include fully in their calculations.

The CARES field campaign was designed to increase scientific knowledge about the evolution of black carbon, primary organic aerosols (POA), and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from both human - caused and natural (biogenic) sources.

In fact, a subsequent study conducted by Liu et al. (2015) and published in Nature Communications, contrasts the CARES measurements with those obtained from the 2012 Clean Air for London (ClearfLo) campaign to show that aerosol coatings influence black carbon absorption and the form and structural details of the mixing state may be specific to the source and region where the mixing occurs.

Attribution of early 20th century warming requires a more quantitative consideration of all the contributions (e.g. atmospheric aerosols, black carbon etc. as well as anthropogenic greenhouse contributions, recovery from volcanic aerosols and solar etc.).

I guess I am surprised that with better understanding of the importance of water vapor feedback, sulfate aerosols, black carbon aerosols, more rapid than expected declines in sea ice and attendant decreases in albedo, effects of the deposition of soot and dust on snow and ice decreasing albedo, and a recognition of the importance of GHGs that were probably not considered 30 years ago, that the sensitivity has changed so little over time.

Biomass burning is a big source of black carbon and organic aerosols (warming), CO and VOCs (ozone precursors), also SO2 (leading to sulphate aerosols)(cooling).

It gave an estimate of all of the man - made forcings of the climate system (CO2, aerosols, black carbon, airplane contrails, etc.) for the year 2000.

It is my understanding that the uncertainties regarding climate sensitivity to a nominal 2XCO2 forcing is primarily a function of the uncertainties in (1) future atmospheric aerosol concentrations; both sulfate - type (cooling) and black carbon - type (warming), (2) feedbacks associated with aerosol effects on the properties of clouds (e.g. will cloud droplets become more reflective?)

Also, at that value, the relative forcing would be about 1/3 of the current value (leaving out methane, NOx, aerosols, black carbon, etc..)

The bottom line is that uncertainties in the physics of aerosol effects (warming from black carbon, cooling from sulphates and nitrates, indirect effects on clouds, indirect effects on snow and ice albedo) and in the historical distributions, are really large (as acknowledged above).

As I said to Andy Revkin (and he published on his blog), the additional decade of temperature data from 2000 onwards (even the AR4 estimates typically ignored the post-2000 years) can only work to reduce estimates of sensitivity, and that's before we even consider the reduction in estimates of negative aerosol forcing, and additional forcing from black carbon (the latter being very new, is not included in any calculations AIUI).

The answer, of course, is that Pieter is talking about carbon particles (aerosols, often called black carbon) and the post is talking about carbon atoms in principally CO2, but also methane and organic volatile moleclues.

[T] here have now been several recent papers showing much the same — numerous factors including: the increase in positive forcing (CO2 and the recent work on black carbon), decrease in estimated negative forcing (aerosols), combined with the stubborn refusal of the planet to warm as had been predicted over the last decade, all makes a high climate sensitivity increasingly untenable.

The picture is complicated because different kinds of aerosols can have different effects: black carbon or soot has warming rather than a cooling effect, for instance.

These forcings are spatially heterogeneous and include the effect of aerosols on clouds and associated precipitation [e.g., Rosenfeld et al., 2008], the influence of aerosol deposition (e.g., black carbon (soot)[Flanner et al. 2007] and reactive nitrogen [Galloway et al., 2004]-RRB-, and the role of changes in land use / land cover [e.g., Takata et al., 2009].

The Nature commentary by Penner et al. on which this argument is based actually says that on top of the global warming caused by carbon dioxide, other short - lived pollutants (such as methane and black carbon) cause an additional warming approximately 65 % as much as CO2, and other short - lived pollutants (such as aerosols) also cause some cooling.

The Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) measures the soot (black carbon) mass of individual aerosol particles by laser - induced incandescence down to concentrations as low as ng / m ^ 3.

The trouble is that there remains little empirical evidence to support the idea, as we were surprised to find out when we talked to UC San Diego atmospheric physicist Veerabhadran Ramanathan about his research showing that another type of aerosol — black carbon — had a significant warming effect:

Jacobson, M., 2001: Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols, Nature, 409:695 - 697; Sato, M. et al., 2003: Global atmospheric black carbon inferred from AERONET, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.

Importantly, RCP4.5 considers the influence of sulfur aerosols, as well as black and organic carbon.

However, detection and attribution analyses based on climate simulations that include these forcings, (e.g., Stott et al., 2006b), continue to detect a significant anthropogenic influence in 20th - century temperature observations even though the near - surface patterns of response to black carbon aerosols and sulphate aerosols could be so similar at large spatial scales (although opposite in sign) that detection analyses may be unable to distinguish between them (Jones et al., 2005).

«Chiefly the burning of fossil fuels», not CO2, just burning of fossil fuels, so black carbon, indirect aerosol effects, land use anything that involves the burning of fossil fuels.

One notable change is the assimilation of aerosol observations, including black and organic carbon, sulfate and dust.

Choices regarding emissions of other warming agents, such as methane, black carbon on ice / snow, and aerosols, can affect global warming over coming decades but have little effect on longer - term warming of the Earth over centuries and millennia.

PACific Dust EXperiment «The long range transport of dust and anthropogenic aerosols (e.g, black carbon, organics and sulfates, and air pollution from Eurasia, across the Pacific Ocean, into North America is one of the most wide spread and major pollution events on the planet.

The brownish color of the cloud (which is visible when looking at the horizon) is due to absorption of solar radiation at short wavelengths (green, blue, and UV) by organic and black carbon aerosols as well as by NOx.

Black carbon - Operationally defined aerosol species based on measurement of light absorption and chemical reactivity and / or thermal stability; consists of soot, charcoal and / or possible light absorbing refractory organic matter.

(Sec. 333) Requires the EPA Administrator to promulgate regulations to reduce emissions of black carbon (light absorbing aerosols) or propose a finding that existing CAA regulations adequately regulate such emissions.

We argue that black carbon aerosols, by means of several effects, contribute significantly to global warming.

«Observational analyses have shown the width of the tropical belt increasing in recent decades as the world has warmed... we use a climate model with detailed aerosol physics to show that increases in heterogeneous warming agents — including black carbon aerosols and tropospheric ozone — are noticeably better than greenhouse gases at driving expansion, and can account for the observed summertime maximum in tropical expansion.

The effect of anthropogenic black carbon (BC) aerosol on snow is of enduring interest due to its role in aerosol radiative forcing and further consequences for Arctic and global climate change.