The evolutionary origin
of brachiopods and their relations to other species are still unclear.
The Lingula genome decoding sheds some light on the evolutionary history
of brachiopods and lophotrochozoans as well as the origin of biomineralisation.
For years, scientists have been debating the phylogenetic position
of brachiopods and molluscs, as well as their affinities for other animals in the same group, the Lophotrochozoa, comprising segmented worms, clams, oysters, snails, squids, and so on.
There, Bond and his colleagues examined chert rocks — silica formations, created by the skeletons of dead sponges, that also contain many species
of brachiopods.
Analysis of the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence
of the brachiopod Terebratulina retusa places Brachiopoda within the protostomes.
Not exact matches
A little further in the rock record, a few
brachiopod species recover, Wignall says, and then mollusks take over en masse, before the devastation
of the Permian extinction, 8 million years later.
Most foraminifera — tiny, shelled protozoans — were wiped out, along with many species
of clamlike
brachiopods.
Other survivors
of the Hangenberg event included sea urchins, sea lilies and shelled invertebrates called
brachiopods.
Analysis
of the soft tissues
of fossils also suggests morphological changes among lingulid
brachiopods.
The phylogenetic analysis
of the Lingula genome indicates that
brachiopods are close relatives to molluscs, and more distant cousins to segmented worms; however, their relations to other lophotrochozoans still require further investigation.
Brachiopods are one
of the first known examples
of animal biomineralisation — a process whereby living organisms stiffen or harden tissues with minerals.
Other animals from these ancient marine sediments include a number
of exciting new discoveries: arthropods without skeletons, many sponges, a few shelled
brachiopods and a single trilobite species.
A paleontologist colleague
of ours was recently asked by a student whether
brachiopods, an invertebrate group commonly preserved as fossils, were kosher.
Altenburger, A. Wanninger, Comparative larval myogenesis and adult myoanatomy
of the rhynchonelliform (articulate)
brachiopods Argyrotheca cordata, A. cistellula, and Terebratalia transversa.
The Devonian is often appropriately called the «Age
of Fishes», since the fish took their place in complex reef systems containing nautiloids, corals, graptolites, blastods, echinoderms, trilobites, sponges,
brachiopods and conodonts.
This event had eliminated dinosaurs, pterosaurs, ammonites and belemnites, as well as many groups
of birds, bivalves,
brachiopods, marine reptiles, plants and planktonic organisms.