Sentences with phrase «of cell colonies»

A single co-transfection using two and four Cas9 / gRNAs enabled isolation of cell colonies harboring double and quadruple disruptions in 20 % and 2 % of colonies, respectively, which may not be easily achieved with ZFNs and TALENs technologies.

«The organization of cell colonies and phenotypic switching between different types of colonies becomes a lot more flexible and rapid with reversible aneuploidy than if it depended on random mutations in the genes,» Skupin says.

Not exact matches

If successful, this procedure can no more be considered cloning than establishing a colony of skin cells can be considered cloning.

Thus, at the lowest level, electrons tend to unite and converge in the atom; atoms converge by molecularization, crystallization; molecules unite by polymerization; cells unite by conjugation, reproduction, association; nerve ganglions concentrate and localize to form a brain by what might be called a process of cephalization; the higher animal groups form colonies, hives, herds, societies, etc.; man socializes and forms civilizations as foci of attraction and organization.

Now imagine being born there, as something smaller than a grub, inside a cell at the honeycomb - like centre of the colony.

During the first weeks of pregnancy an embryo is but a colony of cells, «itself» as a whole not an individual at all.

In 1999, Anthony Atala grew a colony of bladder cells, taken from a biopsy and seeded on a «scaffold» in the shape of a patient's own bladder.

The democratic societies have no one supreme or dominant member, with examples being such things possibly as stones and probably as some cell - colonies and even special forms of many - celled plants and animals.42 Monarchic societies, on the other hand, do have a supreme or dominant member which radically subordinates the parts to its ruling purpose but which can never completely rob the parts of all measure of control over themselves.

For some weeks the fetus is not a single individual at all, but a colony of cells.

l) The main subdivisions of the class «societies of occasions» consist of the linear or «personally ordered» societies, the familiar example being a stream of consciousness» of a single person, and nonlinear societies, such as a tree considered as a colony of cells.

We can compare the diverse tasks performed by a colony to the many proteins generated by gene transcription, to various cell types of a developing embryo, or to the firing patterns of neurons in the brain.

What all these have in common is that, without any central control, individual units (genes, cells neurons or workers) respond to simple, local information, in ways that allow the whole system (cells, brains, organisms or colonies) to function: the appropriate number of units performs each activity at the appropriate time.

One donor gave eight eggs, of which four yielded colonies of hESCs, suggesting several colonies could be made from each set of donated eggs (Cell, DOI: 10.1016 / j.cell.2013.05.006).

How colonies of single cells evolved into multicellular organisms has long been a puzzle.

After a few days, they divided the clusters into individual cells, a small percentage of which grew into so - called blast colonies of up to 400 million cells, the team reports in Nature Methods.

In the simplest case, the colony evolved into organisms made of cells that were mediocre at both tasks.

About two weeks later, they were able to extract colonies of iPS cells.

Yamanaka's method typically produces one colony of iPS cells from every 1,000 to 10,000 adult cells.

This microscope picture shows a colony of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) obtained by reprogramming a specialized cell for two weeks.

A colony of cells could now improve both traits at the same time, by making some cells exclusively reproducers and others survivors.

But a study of mice shows that breast cancer cells decamp in groups, and the clumps of cells have a better chance of establishing a colony than loners do, Kevin Cheung of Johns Hopkins University reported December 7 at the annual meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology.

«This strategy allows a colony to hedge its bets by enabling individual cells within a population to assume high levels of resistance while others avoid this extra work.»

However, some of the mutations occur on genes related to the ability to form biofilms, colonies of cells embedded in protective slime, says Tirumalai.

By investigating the interactions within algal colonies, researchers hope to understand how single cells took the evolutionary leap to mass organization hundreds of millions of years ago.

Although some teams have managed to produce nearly pure colonies of certain kinds of neural cells from ES cells, no one has managed to concoct a recipe that will direct the cells to become, say, a pure population of dopamine - producing neurons that could replace those missing in Parkinson's disease.

Several years ago, the lab of UC Berkeley's Nicole King, a professor of molecular and cell biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, discovered that certain bacteria make these one - celled choanoflagellates (a.k.a. choanos) develop into multicellular colonies.

Cells in most animals and plants use short - interfering RNA (siRNA) segments to inhibit the formation of viral proteins; here siRNA designed to target IAPV would be fed to colonies as part of double - stranded RNA mixed into a syrup.

«This alga is colony - forming, which means that a lot of individual cells grow to form a colony.

Coffin described how lab workers there had transplanted human prostate tumor cells into an immune - deficient lab mouse, a common procedure for procuring a colony of cells, or a human cell line, for further study.

Sargramostim is a form of GM - CSF (granulocyte - macrophage colony - stimulating factor), a natural protein that spurs the growth of white blood cells in the immune system.

The 250 or so irregular blobs, up to 12 centimetres in length, have scalloped edges, suggesting an organised and growing colony of coordinated cells.

Intact genomic DNA from Mycoplasma mycoides large colony (LC), virtually free of protein, was transplanted into Mycoplasma capricolum cells by polyethylene glycol — mediated transformation.

For example, in response to extreme stress, such as starvation, most of the individual cells in a colony of the bacteria Bacillus subtilis will form spores.

«The tweets sent by others help regulate the circuits of their neighbors and guarantee that no more than a specific fraction of cells within the colony will enter into competence.»

By using molecular genetic tools to reduce the amount of PC in human lung cancer cells, the team observed decreased cell growth, a compromised ability to form colonies in soft agar (a gelatinous material specifically used to grow bacteria and other cells), and a reduced rate of tumor growth in mice.

In 2001, he discovered that a strain of yeast made up of unusually small cells and colonies lived about three times longer than normal yeast and was highly protected from DNA damage and aging.

This image shows fluorescent yeast cells present on the legs of flies that have eaten from a yeast colony.

To remedy that absence, Golden's lab, along with plant physiologist Takao Kondo and colleagues at Nagoya University in Japan, developed an easy - to - read gauge of changing photosynthetic activity in colonies of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus, a blue - green alga whose one - celled organisms divide as often as once every 5 to 6 hours.

In the new study, the researchers cultured mouse skin - cancer colonies on various 2 - D and 3 - D environments of different shapes and patterns to see if the tumor shape contributes to activation of cancer stem cells, and to see where in the tumor the stem cells appeared.

Upon detecting an incoming attack from the red strain, cells of the bottom strain pass this information on to others in the colony leading to a massive collective attack against the red strain.

The stressed yeast cells lost or duplicated random chromosomes when they divided, producing colonies with a vast array of freak cells.

Unlike unaltered cancer cells, these new cells formed 30 percent fewer colonies and had decreased levels of other proteins, such as Nestin, by a third.

Kass developed the midstream urine test (still used when you pee in a cup) and set a numerical cutoff for the number of bacteria in normal urine: not more than 100,000 colony - forming units (cell clusters on a culture dish) per milliliter of urine.

Not only do birds flock together but so too do countless examples throughout life, from the macroscopic to the microscopic, including schools of fish, colonies of bacteria, groups of migrating cells and even some proteins.

These are images of mouse embryonic stem cells which grow in a round colony of cells (A) and express Sox2 (B), shown in red.

At various times, it has been proposed that they could have been plants, fungi, colonies of single - celled organisms or, according to the trace fossil expert Adolf Seilacher, a «lost kingdom» called Vendobionta.

If the cells reduce the copy number of this specific chromosome again — say upon another change in environmental conditions — then they turn back into a smooth colony.

Some of these occurred on genes related to the bacteria's ability to form biofilms, colonies of cells embedded in protective slime.

A few months ago, researchers reported that oocytes can form spontaneously in colonies of mouse ES cells (ScienceNOW, 1 May), the first demonstration that ES cells can form germ cells in vitro.

The prognosis for metastatic cancer (also called stage IV cancer) is generally poor, so a technique that could detect these circulating tumor cells before they have a chance to form new colonies of tumors at distant sites could greatly increase a patient's survival odds.