Sentences with phrase «of central neurons»

Several forms of leukodystrophies, genetic degenerative disorders that affect the myelin, are associated with vacuolization of myelin sheaths that enwrap axons of central neurons.

Not exact matches

And, perhaps most strikingly, a team at a gaggle of New York research institutions published a paper showing how they'd used hPSCs to cook up — in just days, rather than several months — cortical neurons (critical central nervous system cells) that had normal electrophysiological signaling properties.

Whitehead's system is able to encompass the results, however: while the actual occasions constituting the central nervous system of bees are certainly of a lower degree of complexity than that of mammals, a bee brain contains thousands of interactive neurons, so that there is no a priori reason why the dominant occasion of the bee may not be capable of complex experiences in situations relevant to the bees» survival.

What all these have in common is that, without any central control, individual units (genes, cells neurons or workers) respond to simple, local information, in ways that allow the whole system (cells, brains, organisms or colonies) to function: the appropriate number of units performs each activity at the appropriate time.

The study, «Polarity of varicosity initiation in central neuron mechanosensation,» which will be published June 12 in The Journal of Cell Biology, observes the swelling process in live cultured neurons and could lead to new ways of limiting the symptoms associated with concussive brain injuries.

«Once it's depolarized, a neuron releases a neurotransmitter, which starts the communication from one cell to another, moving from the periphery of the body to the central nervous system.»

It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.

When blank slate stem cells are exposed to a soft as opposed to a hard surface on which to grow, they begin to transform themselves into neurons, the large, complex cells of the central nervous system.

These results show that the conditioned facilitation of defensive responses can not be explained by subthreshold actions of the conditioned stimulus on the motor neurons and support the hypothesis that Aplysia learn to associate the conditioned stimulus with a fearlike central state.

Any disturbing event activates neurons in the lateral and then central portions of the amygdala.

Far - reaching neurons in the central amygdala, the location of fear memory in the brain seen here in red (rightl), directly contact neurons in the brainstem, here in green (left).

In these animals, the activity of the long - range projection neurons in the central amygdala became enhanced.

In work published today in The Journal of Neuroscience, Li and his team identify a group of long - range neurons that extend from the central amygdala.

Abrams works on jellyfish, and he suggested that one of these creatures would be a suitable model organism, because jellies have neurons but no central nervous system.

However, they determined the blood levels of SMN are not altered when SMN levels are altered in motor neurons using a gene therapy approach delivered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid to target the central nervous system.

These images of mouse brains compare laser scanning photostimulation maps of all the neurons connected to one central neuron in control mice (left) vs. mice dosed with valproic acid (VPA) to induce autism - like symptoms (right).

The peripheral nervous system or PNS, is part of the nervous system, and consists of the nerves and neurons that reside or extend outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to serve the limbs and organs, for example.

Myelin, a substance that insulates neurons, deteriorates, and the number of nerve fibers that carry messages throughout the central nervous system also decreases.

In 1987, they discovered that the repetitive motions of swimming are choreographed by a group of neurons in the lamprey's spinal cord called the central pattern generator (CPG).

IBM developed a technique for making carbon nanotubes emit light, paving the way for new fiber optics; Harvard scientists figured out how to deposit tiny wires on glass or plastic, opening the door for the development of supercheap computers; and at the University of Central Florida, neuroscientist Beverly Rzigalinski discovered a nanomolecular fountain of youth effect: When Rzigalinski applied cerium oxide nanoparticles to rat neurons in a petri dish, the particles seemed to strip out the free radicals that make tissues age and kept the neurons alive and functioning up to six times their normal life span.

Specifically, they believe that this could largely be attributed to the neurochemical GABA — the primary inhibitory transmitter found in the central nervous system, which plays the principle role in controlling the «excitability» of neurons.

The central pacemaker neurons were already known to have a light sensor called cryptochrome, but the ability of flies who were genetically engineered to lack cryptochrome to regulate light / dark cycles is only partially impaired.

«But when we're studying neurons in the spinal cord or in other areas outside of the central nervous system, we need stretchable implants that don't require anchoring,» he said.

However, the real power of the central nervous system lies in the smooth coordination of large numbers of neurons.

«The octopus nervous system is organized in a totally different way from ours: The central brain surrounds the esophagus, which is typical of invertebrates, but it also has groups of neurons in the arms that can work relatively autonomously, plus huge optic lobes involved in vision,» said Daniel Rokhsar, who co-led the project along with Clifton Ragsdale, of the University of Chicago.

Moreover, in situ hybridization and RNA blot analysis indicate that the 5HTlc receptor is expressed in neurons in many regions of the central nervous system and suggest that this subclass of receptor may mediate many of the central actions of serotonin.

At the same time, GRP neurons are not the only group of spinal cord neurons that receive and forward pain signals toward the brain, and the brain itself plays a central role in translating signals from peripheral neurons into experienced sensation.

The ELH genes are expressed, not only in the bag cells, but in an extensive system of neurons distributed in four of the five ganglia of the central nervous system.

«Neurons outside of the central nervous system have many functions, from relaying sensory information to controlling organ function, but some of these peripheral neural circuits are not yet well understood,» says Ben Deverman, senior research scientist and director of the Beckman Institute's CLOVER Center.

Now, to enable widespread gene delivery throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems, Caltech researchers have developed two new variants of a vector based on an adeno - associated virus (AAV): one that can efficiently ferry genetic cargo past the blood - brain barrier; and another that is efficiently picked up by peripheral neurons residing outside the brain and spinal cord, such as those that sense pain and regulate heart rate, respiration, and digestion.

A team of scientists has linked changes in the structure of a handful of central brain neurons to understanding how animals adjust to changing seasons.

Charlotte Helfrich - Förster sums up the central findings of these experiments as follows: «Our analyses show that PDF neurons head for brain areas that are essential for learning, memory and orientation to the sun.

In vertebrates, the axons of many neurons are sheathed in myelin, which is formed by either of two types of glial cells: Schwann cells ensheathing peripheral neurons and oligodendrocytes insulating those of the central nervous system.

Buchanan found that he could boost variability by manipulating a specific set of neurons in the brain region called the central complex.

For instance, in an octopus, the majority of neurons are in the arms themselves — nearly twice as many in total as in the central brain.

In both humans and rats, these neurons make up only about five percent of the neurons in the brain's central amygdala.

Specifically, stem cell scientists at McMaster can now directly convert adult human blood cells to both central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) neurons as well as neurons in the peripheral nervous system (rest of the body) that are responsible for pain, temperature and itch perception.

The serums of some patients with subacute spongiform encephalopathies contain an autoantibody in higher titer against a normal fibrillar protein within the axon of mature central neurons in culture.

Sympathetic neurons are frequently considered part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), although there are many that lie within the central nervous system (CNS).

Pfaff's group used the new method to answer a long - standing question about how a collection of cells in the spinal cord, called the locomotor central pattern generator (CPG), connects to the right motor neurons to allow movements like walking.

Zhou's team will coax ES cells to develop into precursors to neurons, and will then inject them into the striatum, a central region of the brain implicated in the disease.

IBM's million - neuron TrueNorth chip, revealed in prototype in August 2014, has a power efficiency for certain tasks that is hundreds of times superior to a conventional CPU (central processing unit), and more comparable for the first time to the human cortex.

According to the gate theory of pain, touch and pain fibers are anatomically different but transmit to some of the same neurons in the central nervous system.

These problems are caused by a type of white blood cells called T cells that, after becoming activated, find their way into the brain and attack the protective covering — myelin — of neurons in the brain and spinal cord, causing inflammation and damage to the central nervous system.

Moreover, when the scientists blocked the firing of the zona incerta neurons during low frequency stimulation of the central thalamus, the average activity of sensory cortex cells increased.

Damage to neurons in the central part of the thalamus may lead to problems with sleep, attention, and memory.

In a normal brain, the neurons of the central thalamus crackle with electrical activity when we struggle to pay attention to the world around us, and they accelerate their action as we emerge from sleep.

Sensory interneurons, a class of neurons in the spinal cord, are responsible for relaying information from throughout the body to the central nervous system, which enables the sense of touch.

«Essentially, they cause acetylcholine to build up in the brain, causing hyperexcitability of neurons as well as the death of some neurons, which leads to inflammation in the brain,» said Ashok K. Shetty, PhD, a professor in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine at the Texas A&M College of Medicine, associate director of the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, research career scientist at the Olin E. Teague Veterans Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System and senior author of the paper.

The scientists have used supporting cells of the central nervous system, glial cells, to regenerate healthy and functional neurons, shown in green in this image in the brain of a mouse with Alzheimer's disease.