It was also noted that having a history
of childhood sexual abuse appeared to be linked to a longer duration of the index depressive episode and longer bouts of depression (Zlotnick et al., 2001).
In its thoroughness and even tone this carefully researched study
of Woolf and her works makes a convincing case that the theme
of sexual abuse appears and reappears in Woolf's work — from her earliest writing at age ten throughout her life — and that the traumas
of her
childhood caused lifelong depression and led to her suicide.
Several studies have reported that early trauma, and especially
childhood sexual abuse, specifically increases the risk
of later hallucinations in both schizophrenia and bipolar patients.69 — 73 On the other hand, insecure attachment
appears to be specifically associated with paranoia and not hallucinations.45, 46 Evidence that discrimination or victimization plays a specific role in the development
of paranoid beliefs has emerged from a population survey in the United States and Mexico, 39 from a prospective population - based study in Holland, 32 and from patients» retrospective reports
of their experiences
of intrusive74, 75 and threatening76 life events (as noted above, this effect may contribute to the elevated rates
of psychosis in immigrant populations).