But a new opportunity may be opening up for studies
of chimpanzee behavior and cognition: A first - of - its - kind partnership between a sanctuary and a research center, announced this month, is designed to bolster the scientific output of facilities that have until now primarily focused on the long - term care of their animals.
THE MEANING «This is an important paper because it provides evidence for the minimum age
of the chimpanzee behavior of cracking nuts with stone tools,» says Stanley Ambrose, an anthropologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign.
Not exact matches
Churchill believes that human
behavior is actually something
of a mosaic
of traits demonstrated by
chimpanzees and bonobos.
Indeed,
chimpanzees and bonobos display bouts
of rhythmic drumming as part
of display or play
behavior.
Rhythmic
behavior has recently been observed in other animals, including parrots, budgerigars, sea lions, rhesus monkeys, and
chimpanzees, although in the majority
of these cases animals were explicitly trained to synchronize.
The
behavior of our species is a blend
of the same tendencies seen in aggressive
chimpanzees (above) and more social, prosexual bonobos.
Curious to see if orangutan researchers could come up with a list
of behaviors similar to that compiled by
chimpanzee researchers, van Schaik invited his colleagues to a 3 - day meeting to compare notes.
In 1999,
chimpanzee researchers reported 39 examples
of behaviors that were specific to particular groups and did not seem to be determined by the environment (Science, 25 June 1999, p. 2070).
The
behavior of the elephants in the study is similar to that
of chimpanzees, which reassure each other by putting their hands in each other's mouths, he said.
Hauser himself, a professor
of psychology, human evolutionary biology, and organismic and evolutionary biology at Harvard and codirector
of the school's Mind / Brain /
Behavior Initiative, has analyzed the antics
of tamarins, vervet monkeys, macaques, and starlings in captivity, as well as rhesus monkeys and
chimpanzees in the wild.
Christophe Boesch, a primatologist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, says that his team has observed similar
behavior among chimps at Tai Forest in the Côte d'Ivoire and agrees that «we have certainly underestimated awareness
of death in
chimpanzees.»
«If the specific
behavior of nut cracking with stone tools is posited for our last common ancestor, then one would expect a series
of stone - tool sites that resemble those made by
chimpanzees to be found in sediments dating to between 2.6 million and 5 million years ago,» Ambrose says.
Langergraber, who studies the evolution
of cooperation and social relationships in wild
chimpanzees, notes that there's compelling evidence in finches, crows, and gorillas that some
behaviors — like learning to use tools or eat nettles that will sting unless they are handled just so — have genetic underpinnings.
Genetics and specific brain regions are linked to sex differences in
chimpanzees» scratching
behavior, a common indicator
of anxiety in humans and others primates, according to a research study led by Georgia State University that shows
chimpanzees can be models
of human mental illness.
The longer primatologists study
chimpanzees and the more their findings are compared, the longer the list
of unique learned
behaviors grows.
She points to the
behavior of female
chimpanzees, gorillas, and macaques as an indication
of a past in which human females flaunted their desire.
According to the researchers who recorded the events with a video camera (see video above), this is the first time such compassionate mourning
behavior has been observed outside
of humans and
chimpanzees, and it could indicate that mourning is more widespread among primates than previously thought.
However, the pattern matches the social
behaviors of chimpanzees, she says, where the males «interact [more] in groups with differently ranked individuals, and tolerate conflict more readily than females.»
The data largely consist
of «follows,» in which a researcher focuses on one
chimpanzee and notes her
behaviors and interactions with others throughout the day.
The vast amount
of video material reveals how the diversity
of chimpanzee culture is still underestimated: the
chimpanzee groups exhibit a surprising variety
of behavior, for example in food hunting or display, which is partly shaped by their environment.
The distribution
of chimpanzee cultural
behaviors in the wild may therefore be strongly affected by the identity and social characteristics
of the original inventors.
The impressive geographic variation in
chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
behavior is thought to be cultural in that it results from the transmission
of socially acquired habits.
This procedure was repeated with two different
chimpanzee groups (Group 1 and Group 2) such that
chimpanzees in both groups observed a pair
of trained group members performing each
of the foraging
behaviors.
Data from this study are therefore relevant to the
behavior of wild
chimpanzees and the potential transmission
of chimpanzee cultures.
These findings raise questions about the evolution
of our own cultural
behavior and the extent to which
chimpanzee and human cultures rely on the same social and cognitive processes.
We examined the role
of social dynamics in learning by giving
chimpanzees opportunities to learn different foraging
behaviors from either
of two conspecific models with different social characteristics.
«Although the scale
of the violence after the fission may be unusual, inter-community violence and killings are a ubiquitous feature
of chimpanzee social
behavior, so the post-fission violence is not unique,» lead author Joseph Feldblum
of Duke University's department
of evolutionary anthropology told Seeker.
He considers the dual character
of violent and gentle which we share with
chimpanzees, comparing the
behavior of today's street gangs to early human
behavior.
I proved during my research study that wild
chimpanzees that are habituated to human observers on the ground are tolerant to, and most importantly do not alter their natural
behaviors in the presence
of, human observers in the canopy.»
Brett Morgen's Jane explores the life and legacy
of Jane Goodall, following her determined mission to study
chimpanzee behavior, despite being untrained and largely ridiculed by the male - dominated scientific community.
«Patricia McConnell understands the
behavior of dogs and their owners as Jane Goodall understands
chimpanzees...»
The idea that dog
behavior can be explained through the application
of wolf
behavior models is no more relevant than suggesting that
chimpanzee behavior can be used to explain the intricacies
of human
behavior.
«Patricia McConnell understands the
behavior of dogs and their owners as Jane Goodall understands chimpanzees...» - Charles T. Snowdon, Ph.D, Former President, Animal Behavior
behavior of dogs and their owners as Jane Goodall understands
chimpanzees...» - Charles T. Snowdon, Ph.D, Former President, Animal
BehaviorBehavior Society