I would disagree with Marty — I think Senator Hatfield's remarks were not an expression of prophetic civil religion but rather a criticism
of civil religion from the standpoint of a vigorous evangelical Protestant witness.
Not exact matches
Presidential oratory provides much
of the supporting evidence for McDougall's ideas about
civil religion,
from President William McKinley's implication that the United States had not so much conquered Cubans as it had ministered to them («Are we not made better for the effort and sacrifice, and are not those we serve lifted up and blessed?»)
«Well aware that the opinions and belief
of men depend not on their own will, but follow involuntarily the evidence proposed to their minds; that Almighty God hath created the mind free, and manifested his supreme will that free it shall remain by making it altogether insusceptible
of restraint; that all attempts to influence it by temporal punishments, or burthens, or by
civil incapacitations, tend only to beget habits
of hypocrisy and meanness, and are a departure
from the plan
of the holy author
of our
religion, who being lord both
of body and mind, yet chose not to propagate it by coercions on either, as was in his Almighty power to do, but to extend it by its influence on reason alone; that the impious presumption
of legislators and rulers,
civil as well as ecclesiastical, who, being themselves but fallible and uninspired men, have assumed dominion over the faith
of others, setting up their own opinions and modes
of thinking as the only true and infallible, and as such endeavoring to impose them on others, hath established and maintained false
religions over the greatest part
of the world and through all time.»
Because, according to Don Paolo, Christmas is now «a fairy tale
from the nativity scene with lullabies and bagpipes, the exclusive support
of a capitalist and consumerist economy, transforming the whole
of Christianity into
civil religion.»
But returning to Seligman's main methodological premise, the question arises as to whether he has too quickly excluded
religion from any significant role in the support
of civil society as an ideal or, even more important, as reality.
To put it — for the sake
of argument — a bit too simply: there have been behind the
civil religion from the beginning two great structures
of interpretation, the one I shall call biblical, the other utilitarian.
Conflict, explicit or implicit, over the deeper meaning
of the
civil religion has been endemic
from the beginning.
Roger Williams, for example, for all his insistence on the separation
of church and state, believed that such general
religion was essential for what he called «government and order in families, towns, etc.» Such general
religion is, he believed, «written in the hearts
of all mankind, yea, even in pagans,» and consists in belief in God, in the afterlife, and in divine punishments.2 Benjamin Franklin for all his differences
from Roger Williams believed essentially the same thing, as indicated in the quotation
from his autobiography in my original article on
civil religion.
In turning
from nondenominational
civil religion to particular religious movements, the author describes contemporary «gospels»
of wealth, relativism, cynicism, and partisan politics as new departures
from an otherwise orthodox past.
We Americans, religious and secular both, have powerful fundamental views about
religion that put radical Islam in a certain context, one that prevents us
from understanding how unlike other American religious expressions it is — and how much
of a threat it is to the
civil order.
Extrapolating
from Robert Bellah's division
of American sacred and secular myths, Robert Wuthnow describes and contrasts what he calls our biblical
civil religion and our Enlightenment - based moral and political philosophies.
The mere fact that this law is applicable also to Jams, Buddhists and Sikhs clearly shows that
from the beginning it should have been called
Civil Code rather than Hindu Code» He adds, that it is not based on any Hindu Scriptures but on «modern concepts and progressive values and is applicable to all citizens irrespective
of religion».
As far as living separately
from Christians, I do not see a reason for that - however, I wish that they would just get
religion out
of civil society where it does not belong.
«Our country should be preserved
from the dreadful evil
of becoming enemies to the
religion of the Gospel, which I have no doubt, but would be the introduction
of the dissolution
of government and the bonds
of civil society.»
I have benefited
from other efforts to classify
civil religions, especially John A. Coleman, «Civil Religion,» Sociological Analysis, 31 (Summer1970), pp. 67 - 77, and Martin E. Marty, «Two Kinds of Two Kinds of Civil Religion,» in R. E. Richey and D. G. Jones, eds., American Civil Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), although some of their distinctions are not incorporated in my typo
civil religions, especially John A. Coleman, «
Civil Religion,» Sociological Analysis, 31 (Summer1970), pp. 67 - 77, and Martin E. Marty, «Two Kinds of Two Kinds of Civil Religion,» in R. E. Richey and D. G. Jones, eds., American Civil Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), although some of their distinctions are not incorporated in my typo
Civil Religion,» Sociological Analysis, 31 (Summer1970), pp. 67 - 77, and Martin E. Marty, «Two Kinds
of Two Kinds
of Civil Religion,» in R. E. Richey and D. G. Jones, eds., American Civil Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), although some of their distinctions are not incorporated in my typo
Civil Religion,» in R. E. Richey and D. G. Jones, eds., American
Civil Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), although some of their distinctions are not incorporated in my typo
Civil Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), although some
of their distinctions are not incorporated in my typology.
«1 Such word choice suggests a dash
of reality or a sprinkling
of cynicism is all that is required to keep Americans
from having a
civil religion or at least believing in it.
«17 Toward this end Sierra even drew up a list
of American «saints,» which included Washington and Lincoln
from the north, Bolivar and Marti
from the south, and Hidalgo and Juárez
from Mexico.18 This group who controlled public education during the decades prior to the revolution clearly wanted to create a
civil religion.
Civil religion — or, stated
from one perspective, that liturgy which gives form to the parochial gods
of nationalism and capitalism — is a profound threat to the human personality, Harrington believes.
Such local groups are often deeply implicated in the piety
of the state, but nonetheless each congregation retains a culture distinguishable
from the pattern
of the
civil religion.
Another reason to for Americans to embrace the political wisdom
of our Founders in prohibiting the establishment
of a
civil religion, especially with the challenge
of theocratic fundamentalism coming
from many Red State Christians.
Representative spokesmen for the
civil religion have tended to be selected
from the ranks
of politicians, particularly American presidents.
In that influential article Bellah argued «that there actually exists alongside
of and rather clearly differentiated
from the churches an elaborate and well institutionalized
civil religion in America.»
I shall turn
from external speculation and
from the introduction
of tendentious terms like «
civil religion» to the way the tradition has understood itself.
From the point
of view
of the legal regime, however, any further elaboration
of religious symbolism beyond that
of the formal and marginal
civil religion was purely private.
Representatives
of CSW met with religious communities and
civil society in Jakarta, West Java, Central Java and North Sumatra, including representatives
from the Ahmadiyya and Christian communities, and Parmalim traditional
religion.
The sense in which the pre - or sub-Christian
religions are
civil religions is somewhat different and necessitates the application
of still another concept, adapted
from the language
of music,
of the «religious ground base.»
The lack
of a revolutionary experience, the long history
of special ties
of English Canadians with England and English symbols
of civil religion, and the existence
of a large province that is linguistically, ethnically, and religiously distinct
from the rest
of Canada — all these conditions have militated against not only the emergence
of a Canadian
civil religion but
of any very clearly defined sense
of national identity.
It does seem, however,
from Chapters 3 and 4, that we take the differentiated
civil religion as at least a hypothetical norm for modern society and seek to explain the conditions that may block its emergence in the case
of such societies as Mexico and Italy.
In dealing with the religious dimension
of American political life I borrowed the notion
of «
civil religion»
from Rousseau and showed the extent to which a rather articulated set
of religious beliefs and practices had grown up in the American polity that was independent
from though not necessarily hostile to the various church
religions that flourish in America.9 In applying the notion to Italy it becomes important to realize that all five
religions are
civil religions.
In the face
of such a powerful attack
from the point
of view
of modern egalitarian ideology it is a thankless task to defend the hierarchical aspect
of Japanese
civil religion, and I will not attempt to do so.
Another period
of conscious concern for matters
of civil religion extends
from the later Sengoku period in the sixteenth century to the early Tokugawa period in the seventeenth century.
Among them were pantheism and the positions that human reason is the sole arbiter
of truth and falsehood and good and evil; that Christian faith contradicts reason; that Christ is a myth; that philosophy must be treated without reference to supernatural revelation; that every man is free to embrace the
religion which, guided by the light
of reason, he believes to be true; that Protestantism is another form
of the Christian
religion in which it is possible to be as pleasing to God as in the Catholic Church; that the
civil power can determine the limits within which the Catholic Church may exercise authority; that Roman Pontiffs and Ecumenical Councils have erred in defining matters
of faith and morals; that the Church does not have direct or indirect temporal power or the right to invoke force; that in a conflict between Church and State the
civil law should prevail; that the
civil power has the right to appoint and depose bishops; that the entire direction
of public schools in which the youth
of Christian states are educated must be by the
civil power; that the Church should be separated
from the State and the State
from the Church; that moral laws do not need divine sanction; that it is permissible to rebel against legitimate princes; that a
civil contract may among Christians constitute true marriage; that the Catholic
religion should no longer be the
religion of the State to the exclusion
of all other forms
of worship; and «that the Roman Pontiff can and should reconcile himself to and agree with progress, liberalism and modern civilization.»
The use
of such expressions as «a private matter» and «between God and me» suggests that his Catholicism, however sincere, has been considerably attenuated by Canada's
civil religion, which, following Jean - Jacques Rousseau's, will brook no dissent, particularly
from those whose faith entails obedience to something beyond the socially - sanctioned quest for autonomy.
They invoked God in their
civil assemblies, called upon their chosen teachers
of religion for counsel
from the Bible, and recognized its precepts as the law
of their public conduct.
The autonomous person, liberated
from the constraints
of the past and free perhaps even
from the stigma
of social disapproval
of his chosen lifestyle, has become the new god
of the Canadian
civil religion, almost totally eclipsing whatever communitarian elements have managed to survive the cultural shifts
of recent decades.
This changing role
of cults —
from the haven
of a few eccentrics to a real threat to core American values — is possible because the American
civil religion has itself been made precarious by trivialization and corruption.
From at least Daniel Boorstin and Sidney E. Mead on, scholars have seen the leaders
of the American Enlightenment — the
religion of the republic that animates present - day
civil or public
religion — as being advocates
of some sort
of primitivism.
Because the mode
of that engagement heretofore has been dictated by imperatives
from the general culture rather than Jewish tradition, Judaism has acquired the cast
of a
civil religion.
The
Civil Rights Act
of 1964 forbids public accommodations such as restaurants
from discriminating based on race, color,
religion, sex or national origin.
The film tells the story
of young refugees
from Sudan caught in the middle
of a
civil war over
religion and resources in the late 1980s.
(2) signed by an individual, or his parent, to the effect that he has been denied admission to or not permitted to continue in attendance at a public college by reason
of race, color,
religion, or national origin, and the Attorney General believes the complaint is meritorious and certifies that the signer or signers
of such complaint are unable, in his judgment, to initiate and maintain appropriate legal proceedings for relief and that the institution
of an action will materially further the orderly achievement
of desegregation in public education, the Attorney General is authorized, after giving notice
of such complaint to the appropriate school board or college authority and after certifying that he is satisfied that such board or authority has had a reasonable time to adjust the conditions alleged in such complaint, to institute for or in the name
of the United States a
civil action in any appropriate district court
of the United States against such parties and for such relief as may be appropriate, and such court shall have and shall exercise jurisdiction
of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section, provided that nothing herein shall empower any official or court
of the United States to issue any order seeking to achieve a racial balance in any school by requiring the transportation
of pupils or students
from one school to another or one school district to another in order to achieve such racial balance, or otherwise enlarge the existing power
of the court to insure compliance with constitutional standards.
The Fair Housing Act (1968)-- A part
of the historic
Civil Rights Act
of 1968, the Fair Housing Act forbid sellers and landlords
from discriminating against prospective renters and buyers based on protected class characteristics such as race, sex, marital status, national origin,
religion and others.
You will not, and will not allow or authorize others to, use the Services, the Sites or any Materials therein to take any actions that: (i) infringe on PetSmart Charities» or any third party's copyright, patent, trademark, trade secret or other intellectual or proprietary rights, or rights
of publicity or privacy; (ii) violate any applicable law, statute, ordinance or regulation (including those regarding export control); (iii) are defamatory, trade libelous, threatening, harassing, invasive
of privacy, stalking, harassment, abusive, tortuous, hateful, constitute discrimination based on race,
religion, ethnicity, gender, sex, disability or other protected grounds, or are pornographic or obscene; (iv) interfere with or disrupt any services or equipment with the intent
of causing an excessive or disproportionate load on PetSmart Charities or its licensors or suppliers» infrastructure; (v) involve knowingly distributing viruses, Trojan horses, worms, or other similar harmful or deleterious programming routines; (vi) involve the preparation and / or distribution
of «junk mail», «spam», «chain letters», «pyramid schemes» or other deceptive online marketing practices, or any unsolicited bulk email or unsolicited commercial email or otherwise in a manner that violate any applicable «anti-spam» legislation, including that commonly referred to as «CASL»; (vii) would be or encourage conduct that could constitute a criminal offense, give rise to
civil liability or otherwise violate any applicable local, state, national or international laws or regulations; (viii) involve the unauthorized entry to any machine accessible via the Services or interference with the Sites or any servers or networks connected to the Sites or disobey any requirements, procedures, policies or regulations
of networks connected to the Sites, or attempt to breach the security
of or disrupt Internet communications on the Sites (including without limitation accessing data to which you are not the intended recipient or logging into a server or account for which you are not expressly authorized); (ix) impersonate any person or entity, including, without limitation, one
of PetSmart Charities» or another party's officers or employees, or falsely state or otherwise misrepresent your affiliation with a person or entity; (x) forge headers or otherwise manipulate identifiers in order to disguise the origin
of any information transmitted through the Sites; (xi) collect or store personal data about other account users or attempt to gain access to other account users» accounts or otherwise mine information about other account users or the Sites, or interfere with any other user's ability to access or use the Sites; (xii) execute any form
of network monitoring or run a network analyzer or packet sniffer or other technology to intercept, decode, mine or display any packets used to communicate between the Sites» servers or any data not intended for you; (xiii) attempt to circumvent authentication or security
of any content, host, network or account («cracking») on or
from the Sites; or (xiv) in PetSmart Charities» sole discretion, are contrary to PetSmart Charities» public image, goodwill, reputation or mission, or otherwise not in furtherance
of our Vision
of a lifelong, loving home for every pet.
Despite Islam being the majority
religion in the country, the divide between Mosque and State is sternly enforced: all state employees including teachers and
civil servants are strictly forbidden
from wearing religious symbols (most noticeably the headscarf); alcohol is not as freely available as it is elsewhere in Europe, but beer and raki (a popular anise - flavored apéritif in Turkey) are still served in many restaurants and cafés, especially in the western part
of the country.
[UPDATED 3:45 p.m. below — response
from publisher] Matthew LaClair, a high school senior in Kearny, N.J., had already gained fame as something
of a one - man American
Civil Liberties Union for pointing out intrusions
of religion into the classroom.
Protect clients
from being treated differently on the basis
of their race, gender, national origin,
religion, disability, or sexual orientation; Best Lawyers 2018 «Lawyer
of the Year» for
Civil Rights Law; selected for inclusion in The Best Lawyers in America in the field
of Civil Rights; ranked Tier 1 Baltimore in the area
of Civil Rights Law in the Best Law Firms list.
Title VII
of the
Civil Rights Act
of 1964 prohibits an employer
from taking these actions against an employee based on the employee's race, national origin, gender or
religion:
Title VII
of the
Civil Rights Act
of 1964 (Title VII), which prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color,
religion, sex, or national origin; the Equal Pay Act
of 1963 (EPA), which protects men and women who perform substantially equal work in the same establishment
from sex - based wage discrimination; the Age Discrimination in Employment Act
of 1967 (ADEA), which protects individuals who are 40 years
of age or older; Title I and Title V
of the Americans with Disabilities Act
of 1990, as amended (ADA), which prohibit employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in the private sector, and in state and local governments; Sections 501 and 505
of the Rehabilitation Act
of 1973, which prohibit discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities who work in the federal government; Title II
of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
of 2008 (GINA), which prohibits employment discrimination based on genetic information about an applicant, employee, or former employee; and the
Civil Rights Act
of 1991, which, among other things, provides monetary damages in cases
of intentional employment discrimination.
For instance, Title VII
of the
Civil Rights Act
of 1964 protects workers
from employment discrimination on the basis
of race, color, national origin, sex, or
religion.
Loyola High School v. Quebec (Attorney General) 2015 SCC 12 Administrative Law —
Civil Rights Summary: As part
of the mandatory core curriculum in schools across Quebec, the Minister
of Education, Recreation and Sports required a Program on Ethics and Religious Culture (ERC), which taught about the beliefs and ethics
of different world
religions from a neutral and objective perspective.