«Prior to our study, it was not known whether the catalysis, which takes place on the surface
of the cobalt oxide crystallites, happens at every cobalt center on the surface at the same speed, or whether a subset of cobalt sites does most of the work while other subsets are slow or merely spectators, Frei says.
Nano - sized crystals
of cobalt oxide, an Earth - abundant catalyst, have been shown to be able to effectively carry out the critical photosynthetic reaction of splitting water molecules.
The first layer of the film consisted of a nanocrystalline form
of cobalt oxide that provided a stable, physically robust interface with the light - absorbing semiconductor.
But this solution
of cobalt oxide could be a major step forward in finding an efficient catalyst for photosynthesis.
Their research, published online Sunday in Nature Nanotechnology, involved the use
of cobalt oxide nanoparticles to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
Other issues remain to be resolved, as well, including reducing costs and extending the lifespan
of cobalt oxide nanoparticles, which the researchers found became deactivated after about an hour of reaction.
Not exact matches
KALONGWE ORE Kalongwe hosts a near - surface resource
of 302 000 t copper and 42 000 t
cobalt as predominantly
oxide ore
The NICO Project is a development stage primary
cobalt asset consisting
of a planned mine, mill and concentrator in the Northwest Territories and hydrometallurgical refinery in Saskatchewan to produce
cobalt sulphate, gold, bismuth ingot and
oxide, and copper cement.
The work, supported by the Welch Foundation, will lead to future research, he said, including the question
of why
cobalt oxide nanoparticles have such a short lifespan, and questions involving chemical and electronic properties
of the material.
The researchers discovered that heat - treating graphene
oxide and small amounts
of cobalt salts in a gaseous environment forced individual
cobalt atoms to bind to the material.
The techniques he has explored include fancy ways
of growing crystals
of semiconductor material —
oxides of manganese,
cobalt, silicon, and many other elements — that can perform the first critical tasks
of photosynthesis: absorbing light and displacing electrons.
Boeing chose cells based on lithium
cobalt oxide, one
of the lightest and most powerful battery chemistries available, but also the most flammable.
In August, a team
of engineers from Newcastle University and Imperial College London published a study
of this new application
of LSCF (lanthanum - strontium -
cobalt — ferric
oxide).
Lithium battery cathodes are made
of layers
of lithium metal
oxides that contain some combination
of cobalt and other metals.
His hydrogen - ion - creating system uses an indium tin
oxide electrode and a container
of water with
cobalt and potassium phosphate mixed in.
These new catalysts are produced through the simultaneous control
of the: 1) composition, 2) size and 3) crystallinity
of metal
oxides of earth - abundant elements such as iron,
cobalt and nickel.
In the first lithium - ion batteries, introduced by Sony in 1991, the cathode electrodes were made
of lithium
cobalt oxide, which has a high energy density.
In just six months the price
of samarium
oxide quadrupled, to more than $ 50 a pound in May
of this year, owing to its property as a permanent supermagnet when alloyed with
cobalt.
This formed a flexible tellurium cathode with an energy density
of 1800 milliwatt hours per cubic centimeter which allowed it to store 50 per cent more energy than a conventional lithium
cobalt oxide electrode
of the same size.
In a subsequent paper in Science, the experimenters successfully utilized the same methods to characterize the properties
of a class
of crystalline ceramics known as perovskites — specifically,
cobalt oxide perovskites.
Besides sulfur's natural abundance, non-toxicity and low - cost, a sulfur - based cathode is theoretically capable
of delivering storage up to 10 times greater than the commonly - used lithium -
cobalt oxide cathodes in conventional lithium ion batteries.
A team
of researchers led by University
of Amsterdam (UvA) chemists has developed new Fischer - Tropsch catalysts — consisting
of ultra-thin
cobalt shells surrounding inexpensive iron
oxide cores — that can be used to produce synthetic fuels from natural gas and biomass.
Dr. Koziej is honored for her article «Puzzling Mechanism behind a Simple Synthesis
of Cobalt and
Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles: In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Absorption and Diffraction Studies», published in Chemistry
of Materials.
This discovery
of these fast and slow sites and the proposed structural difference between two provides the basis for designing
cobalt oxide surfaces with higher concentrations
of fast sites.»
With this knowledge, we can devise and design improvements on the
cobalt oxide catalyst and its support environment to partially or completely remove these bottlenecks and improve the efficiency
of water oxidation.»
The first direct, temporally resolved observations
of intermediate steps in water oxidation using
cobalt oxide, an Earth - abundant solid catalyst, revealed kinetic bottlenecks whose elimination would help boost the efficiency
of artificial photosynthesis systems.
Frei, Zhang and de Respinis have reported their findings in the journal Nature Chemistry in a paper titled «Time - resolved observations
of water oxidation intermediates on a
cobalt oxide nanoparticle catalyst.»
«We've obtained the first direct, temporally resolved observation
of two intermediate steps in water oxidation using an Earth - abundant solid catalyst,
cobalt oxide, that allowed us to identify the kinetic bottlenecks.
Chicken, Chicken By - Product Meal (Natural source
of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), Corn Meal, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Ground Whole Grain Barley, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Dried Beet Pulp, Chicken Flavor, Brewers Rice, Fish Meal, Dried Egg Product, Potassium Chloride, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Salt, Flax Meal, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Fructooligosaccharides, Calcium Carbonate, Brewers Dried Yeast, Choline Chloride, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), DL - Methionine, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Vitamin E Supplement, Beta - Carotene, L - Carnitine, Citric Acid, Rosemary Extract
Chicken By - Products (organs only, source
of arginine), Corn Meal, Chicken, Oatmeal, Dried Beet Pulp, Menhaden Fish Meal, Whole Yams, Brewers Dried Yeast, Monocalcium Phosphate, Calcium Carbonate, Flaxseed, Choline Chloride, Sodium Propionate (a preservative), DL - Methionine, L - Lysine, Dried Blueberry, Dried Cranberry, Dried Apple, Vitamin E Supplement, L - Ascorbyl -2-Polyphosphate (source
of Vitamin C), Zinc Proteinate, Zinc
Oxide, Copper Proteinate, Vitamin A Acetate, Copper Sulfate, Niacin Supplement, Biotin, Sodium Selenite, D - Calcium Pantothenate, Inositol, Manganese Proteinate, Riboflavin Supplement, Thiamine Mononitrate, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6), Mixed Tocopherols and BHA (preservatives), Manganous
Oxide,
Cobalt Proteinate,
Cobalt Carbonate, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Potassium Iodide, Folic Acid, Rosemary Extract.
Chicken, Corn Meal, Chicken By - Product Meal, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Dried Beet Pulp, Chicken Flavor, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Chicken Meal, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Dried Egg Product, Potassium Chloride, Brewers Dried Yeast, Salt, Choline Chloride, Caramel, Fructooligosaccharides, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), Calcium Carbonate, Vitamins (Vitamin E Supplement, Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), DL - Methionine, L - Lysine Monohydrochloride, Rosemary Extract
Ingredients: Chicken, Chicken By - Product Meal (Natural Source
of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), Corn Meal, Brewers Rice, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Chicken Fat (Preserved with Mixed Tocopherols, a Source
of Vitamin E), Dried Beet Pulp, Chicken Flavor, Fish Meal, Dried Egg Product, Fish Oil (Preserved with Mixed Tocopherols, a Source
of Vitamin E), Brewers Dried Yeast, Potassium Chloride, Fructooligosaccharides, Salt, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Choline Chloride, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), Calcium Carbonate, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (Source
of Vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (Source
of Vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Source
of Vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Dl - Methionine, Vitamin E Supplement, L - Carnitine, Beta - Carotene, Rosemary Extract.
Chicken, Chicken By - Product Meal (Natural source
of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), Corn Meal, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Brewers Rice, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Dried Beet Pulp, Chicken Flavor, Ground Whole Grain Barley, Fish Meal, Dried Egg Product, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Potassium Chloride, Salt, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Fructooligosaccharides, Flax Meal, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), Calcium Carbonate, Dried Chicken Cartilage (Natural source
of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), DL - Methionine, Choline Chloride, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Brewers Dried Yeast, Vitamin E Supplement, L - Carnitine, Beta - Carotene, Rosemary Extract
Corn Meal, Chicken By - Product Meal, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Dried Egg Product, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Chicken, Chicken Flavor, Dried Beet Pulp, Brewers Dried Yeast, Potassium Chloride, Salt, Calcium Carbonate, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Flax Meal, Caramel, Fructooligosaccharides, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), Vitamin E Supplement, Choline Chloride, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), DL - Methionine, Beta - Carotene, L - Lysine Monohydrochloride, L - Carnitine, Citric Acid, Rosemary Extract
Chicken, Chicken By - Product Meal (Natural source
of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), Corn Meal, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Brewers Rice, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Chicken Flavor, Dried Beet Pulp, Fish Meal, Dried Egg Product, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Brewers Dried Yeast, Potassium Chloride, Salt, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Fructooligosaccharides, Choline Chloride, Monosodium Phosphate, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), Calcium Carbonate, DL - Methionine, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Vitamin E Supplement, L - Carnitine, Beta - Carotene, Rosemary Extract
Wheat Flour, Chicken By - Product Meal, Dried Beet Pulp, Natural Chicken Flavor, Dicalcium Phosphate, Brewers Dried Yeast, Dried Egg Product, Calcium Carbonate, Potassium Chloride, Salt, Vitamins (Vitamin E Supplement, Ascorbic Acid, Beta - Carotene, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Choline Chloride, Fish Meal (source
of fish oil), DL - Methionine, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), Flax Meal, Potassium Sorbate (a preservative), Mixed Tocopherols (a source
of vitamin E) and Citric Acid (a preservative), L - Carnitine
Chicken, Chicken By - Product Meal, Corn Meal, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Brewers Rice, Dried Beet Pulp, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Chicken Flavor, Ground Whole Grain Barley, Dried Egg Product, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Potassium Chloride, Salt, Flax Meal, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Fructooligosaccharides, Choline Chloride, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), DL - Methionine, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Calcium Carbonate, Vitamin E Supplement, Brewers Dried Yeast, Beta - Carotene, Rosemary Extract
Wheat Flour, Chicken By - Product Meal, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Dried Beet Pulp, Natural Chicken Flavor, Fish Meal (source
of fish oil), Salt, Brewers Dried Yeast, Dried Egg Product, Dicalcium Phosphate, Potassium Chloride, Flax Meal, Vitamins (Vitamin E Supplement, Ascorbic Acid, Beta - Carotene, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Choline Chloride, Calcium Carbonate, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), Potassium Sorbate (a preservative), Citric Acid (a preservative), Rosemary Extract
Chicken By - Product Meal (Natural source
of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), Corn Meal, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Ground Whole Grain Barley, Chicken, Chicken Flavor, Dried Beet Pulp, Fish Meal, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Dried Egg Product, Brewers Dried Yeast, Potassium Chloride, Calcium Carbonate, Salt, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Fructooligosaccharides, Flax Meal, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), Choline Chloride, DL - Methionine, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Inositol, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Vitamin E Supplement, Beta - Carotene, L - Carnitine, Marigold, Citric Acid, Rosemary Extract
Corn Meal, Chicken By - Product Meal, Chicken, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Ground Whole Grain Barley, Dried Beet Pulp, Chicken Flavor, Dried Egg Product, Fish Meal, Potassium Chloride, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Salt, Flax Meal, Calcium Carbonate, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Choline Chloride, Fructooligosaccharides, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), Brewers Dried Yeast, DL - Methionine, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Vitamin E Supplement, Vitamin A Acetate, L - Carnitine, Beta - Carotene, Citric Acid, Rosemary Extract
Chicken, Chicken By - Product Meal, Corn Meal, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Brewers Rice, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Dried Beet Pulp, Ground Whole Grain Barley, Chicken Flavor, Fish Meal, Dried Egg Product, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Potassium Chloride, Salt, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Fructooligosaccharides, Dicalcium Phosphate, Flax Meal, Calcium Carbonate, Brewers Dried Yeast, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), DL - Methionine, Choline Chloride, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Vitamin E Supplement, Beta - Carotene, Rosemary Extract.
Chicken liver hydrolysate, calcium phosphate, dried brewers yeast, cellulose, magnesium
oxide, kelp (source
of iodine), stearic acid (vegetable source), ascorbic acid, potassium chloride, iron proteinate, niacinamide, zinc proteinate, silicon dioxide, manganese proteinate, lecithin, pepsin (pork stomach), bromelain (pineapple stem), vitamin E supplement, p - aminobenzoic acid, sodium selenite, choline chloride, allspice, nutmeg, betaine hydrochloride, calcium d - pantothenate, dried carrots, inositol, vitamin A supplement, vitamin B12 supplement, riboflavin,
cobalt proteinate, thiamine mononitrate, vitamin D3 supplement, pork pancreas (a source
of lipase and protease activity), pyridoxine hydrochloride, biotin, folic acid, copper proteinate.
Ingredients Fish Meal, Ground Corn, Dehulled Soybean Meal, Wheat Flour, Corn Gluten Meal, Fish Oil, Wheat Germ Meal, Dehydrated Alfalfa Meal, Potassium Sulfate, Dl - Methionine, L - Lysine, Propionic Acid (A Preservative), L - Ascorbyl -2-Polyphosphate (Source
Of Vitamin C), Vitamin A Supplement, Choline Chloride, Vitamin E Supplement, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Riboflavin Supplement, Zinc
Oxide, Ferrous Carbonate, Manganous
Oxide, Menadione Dimethylpyrimidinol Bisulfite (Source
Of Vitamin K Activity), Niacin, Ethoxyquin (A Preservative), Calcium Pantothenate, Copper Sulfate, Thiamine Mononitrate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Cholecalciferol (Source
Of Vitamin D3),
Cobalt Carbonate, Folic Acid, Calcium Iodate, Biotin, Sodium Selenite.
Ingredients Chicken Meal, Rice Flour, Wheat Flour, Corn Gluten Meal, Oat Fiber, Poultry Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols), Natural Poultry Flavor, Whitefish Meal (source
of Ocean Fish Flavor), Sodium Gluconate, Ground Flaxseed, Brewers Dried Yeast, Minerals (Calcium Carbonate, Salt, Potassium Chloride, Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Sodium Selenite, Calcium Iodate,
Cobalt Carbonate), Tuna Flavor, preserved with Citric Acid, Taurine, preserved with mixed Tocopherols, Vitamins (Vitamin E Supplement, Niacin Supplement, d - Calcium Pantothenate, Vitamin A Supplement, Thiamine Mononitrate, Riboflavin Supplement, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Biotin, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Chlorophyll (Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin)
Ingredients: Plant Protein Products, Lysine (necessary amino acid), Fish Meal Product, Fish Oil (essential fatty acid), Ground Corn, Ground Wheat, Forage Product (dehydrated alfalfa meal [aids in assimilation]-RRB-, Vitamin A Supplement, Vitamin D - 3 Supplement, Vitamin E Supplement, Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid, Niacin, Vitamin B - 12 Supplement, Choline Chloride, Menadoine Sodium Bisulfite, Thiamine Mononitrate, Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C), Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Folic Acid, Ethoxyquin (preservative), Salt, Dicalcium Phosphate, and Traces
of Manganous
Oxide, Calcium Lodate, Copper
Oxide,
Cobalt Carbonate, Zinc
Oxide and Iron Carbonate.
Chicken By - Product Meal (Natural source
of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), Corn Meal, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Chicken, Ground Whole Grain Barley, Dried Beet Pulp, Chicken Flavor, Fish Meal, Dried Egg Product, Brewers Dried Yeast, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Potassium Chloride, Fructooligosaccharides, Salt, Calcium Carbonate, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Flax Meal, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), DL - Methionine, Choline Chloride, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Vitamin E Supplement, Beta - Carotene, L - Carnitine, Marigold, Rosemary Extract
Chicken, Corn Meal, Chicken By - Product Meal (Natural source
of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Brewers Rice, Dried Beet Pulp, Chicken Flavor, Dried Egg Product, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Brewers Dried Yeast, Fish Meal, Potassium Chloride, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Salt, Calcium Carbonate, Choline Chloride, Fructooligosaccharides, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), DL - Methionine, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Vitamin E Supplement, Marigold, Beta - Carotene, Rosemary Extract
Chicken, Chicken By - Product Meal (Natural source
of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), Corn Meal, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Ground Whole Grain Barley, Fish Meal, Dried Beet Pulp, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Chicken Flavor, Dried Egg Product, Potassium Chloride, Brewers Dried Yeast, Salt, Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Calcium Carbonate, Fructooligosaccharides, Caramel, Choline Chloride, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Vitamin E Supplement, DL - Methionine, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), L - Lysine Monohydrochloride, Beta - Carotene, L - Carnitine, Citric Acid, Rosemary Extract
Corn Meal, Chicken By - Product Meal (Natural source
of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), Chicken, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Ground Whole Grain Barley, Dried Beet Pulp, Chicken Flavor, Fish Meal, Dried Egg Product, Potassium Chloride, Calcium Carbonate, Salt, Flax Meal, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Choline Chloride, Fructooligosaccharides, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), Brewers Dried Yeast, DL - Methionine, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Vitamin E Supplement, Vitamin A Acetate, L - Carnitine, Beta - Carotene, Citric Acid, Rosemary Extract
Chicken, Chicken By - Product Meal (Natural source
of Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine), Corn Meal, Ground Whole Grain Sorghum, Ground Whole Grain Barley, Brewers Rice, Chicken Flavor, Dried Beet Pulp, Fish Meal, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Dried Egg Product, Potassium Chloride, Salt, Fish Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols, a source
of Vitamin E), Sodium Hexametaphosphate, Fructooligosaccharides, Calcium Carbonate, Flax Meal, Brewers Dried Yeast, Choline Chloride, Minerals (Ferrous Sulfate, Zinc
Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Manganous
Oxide, Potassium Iodide,
Cobalt Carbonate), DL - Methionine, Vitamins (Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source
of vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Niacin, Riboflavin Supplement (source
of vitamin B2), Inositol, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (source
of vitamin B6), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Vitamin E Supplement, Beta - Carotene, L - Carnitine, Citric Acid, Rosemary Extract