In terms
of communication to public and therefore what gets taught in schools.
This does not provide for much legal certainty particularly now because pursuant to Filmspeler even the sale of devices containing software linking to unlawfully uploaded content can constitute an act
of communication to the public if the seller knows about the infringing nature of these links.
First, the CJEU further extends the scope of Article 3's right
of communication to the public to the sale of devices that contain software with hyperlinks.
It alleges that by selling the Filmspeler the defendant makes an act
of communication to the public under Article 3 of the Information Society Directive (InfoSoc Directive) as implemented into Dutch law, which requires authorisation from the right holder.
The outcome of this extension might still be subject to argument, but what is certainly confusing is the analysis the Court has developed to identify acts
of communication to the public.
This means that, unless rebutted, Mr Wullems exercises an act
of communication to the public by offering for sale his Filmspeler device and installing on it software that contains links which, as he is fully aware of, lead the user to illegally uploaded content (paras 50 - 51).
By its first two questions, the referring court, the Rechtbank Midden - Nederland (District Court, Midden - Nederland, Netherlands), asks in essence whether the selling of a device such as the Filmspeler, which includes pre-installed software containing links to streaming websites with unlawful content, constitutes an act
of communication to the public within the meaning of Article 3 InfoSoc Directive, and whether this assessment is influenced by the fact that:
The CJEU has established a set of criteria that have to be taken into consideration when a national court assesses whether an act
of communication to the public has taken place.
Pursuant to Article 3 (1) InfoSoc Directive the right
of communication to the public includes «any communication to the public of their works, by wire or wireless means» which includes «the making available to the public of their works in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.»
In this assessment a court has to consider the role of the user and whether his intervention was made knowingly and whether it was necessary to give access to the content; a court has to further ask whether the act of communication to a «public» is made to an indeterminate number of individuals where that number has a certain magnitude, and whether this communication uses technical means different from those of the original act of communication; and finally, whether the act
of communication to the public serves to generate profits for the user.
FAPL / Murphy, to SGAE v Rafael Hoteles and SCF v Marco del Corso) an act
of communication to the public consists of two elements (para. 32): (1) an» act of communication» (2) to a «new public».
The Court expresses itself rather vaguely by stating that a user might make an act
of communication to the public if he «knew or ought to have known that the hyperlink he posted provides access to a work illegally placed on the internet ``.
Users who post links to «illegal» content that do so without an economic motivation do not make an act
of communication to the public if they can not reasonably know that the content has been uploaded without permission from the right holder.
In particular the latter two elements might prove problematic when determining whether an act
of communication to the public actually occurred.
This post discusses the AG's interpretation of the right
of communication to the public in relation material which is made available on the Internet without the consent of the rightholder.
Accordingly, links to freely available content that has been posted without the consent of the right holder could constitute an (infringing) act
of communication to the public if they have been posted to content which has been made available without the consent of the right holder.
In relation to the second criterion under Aricle 3 (1) InfoSoc the AG recalls FAPL / Murphy and Svensson, in both of which the Court had argued that a «new public» is a group of individuals other than that for which the initial act
of communication to the public was authorized.
In its judgment on 26 April the CJEU extends the scope of the right
of communication to the public under Article 3 of the Information Society Directive (Directive 2001 / 29 / EC), which grants a right holder the exclusive right to communicate a work or a related right to the public, to cover the sale of devices which contain pre-installed software that provides its users with links to unlawful streaming content.
In arguing so, the AG established a new meta - criterion of «indispensability», under which an act
of communication to the public takes place when users could not gain access to works if it was not for that particular intervention; a mere facilitating intervention would not suffice.
The AG rejects any other requirements for the interpretation of Article 3 (1), which would unnecessarily extend the scope of the right
of communication to the public (paras. 76 - 7).
Such an interpretation of Article 3 (1), which potentially makes linking to infringing content an act that infringes the right
of communication to the public, would have created (too) much legal uncertainty.
Instead, the Court adds to the ever - growing catalogue of elements that are constitutive (or not) of an «act
of communication to the public», their «interdependence» further complicates any analysis:
The AG answers the question whether liking behind a paywall, or in order to circumvent any other technical access restriction, falls within the scope of the right
of communication to the public.
Not exact matches
Ali, moreover, points out that planners, because they work so often with members
of the
public, need
to be versed not just in the technical elements
of the job; they must also possess exemplary
communications skills, and have
to be able
to respond
to criticism or skepticism from residents.
«In this day and age when everyone has a megaphone and people are watching, you almost have
to answer publicly,» said Bob Geller, president
of Fusion
Public Relations, a New York - based marketing and
communications firm.
Despite becoming aware
of the breach and having it reported
to Yahoo's senior management and legal department, the company failed
to properly investigate and did not disclose it
to the
public until more than two years later, when it was in the process
of being acquired by Verizon
Communication Inc, the regulator said.
According
to Bob Reid, chief media strategist with Veritas
Communications in Toronto, News Corp. has failed to observe the «holy trinity» of crisis communications: being honest with the publi
Communications in Toronto, News Corp. has failed
to observe the «holy trinity»
of crisis
communications: being honest with the publi
communications: being honest with the
public regarding 1.
Adapting services
to include new digital platforms is a key focus for the major players in Perth's
communications sector led by Cannings Purple, which has maintained its top spot on the Business News ranking
of the state's largest
public and investor relations firms.
«Social robots, if they're engaged in a
public sense — even in a limited
public sense — the design has
to include considerations for social interactions,» said David Harris Smith, associate professor at McMaster University's Department
of Communication Studies and Multimedia in Canada.
«For many people, I think their first impulse is
to have an event,» says Joan Schneider, president and creative director
of Boston
public relations and marketing
communications firm Schneider Associates, and author
of the book «The New Launch Plan: 152 Tips, Tactics, and Trends from the Most Memorable New Products.
A 2010 study conducted by Cone
Communications, a
public relations and marketing agency focused on social causes, reported that 80 percent
of consumers are more likely
to purchase a product that supports a cause during the holiday season.
Johnson & Johnson was lauded in its response
to the crisis, but this occurred in the days before social media, the Internet, and 24 - hour cable news, when careful consideration as
to the tone and content
of public communication could be timed
to a daily, weekly, or monthly news cycle.
They'll request and review a lot
of documents, including
communications with the
public and the type and extent
of client information gathered by the advisor in order
to make their investment recommendations.
He currently a
communications consultant in the nonprofit, and is now with In The
Public Interest, a group dedicated to highlighting the hazards of the privatization of public ser
Public Interest, a group dedicated
to highlighting the hazards
of the privatization
of public ser
public services.
He's worked in the
communications office
of the Department
of Veterans Affairs, helping
to formulate the
public messaging
of a sometimes troubled and often misunderstood wing
of the federal government.
Basic policies cover incident response,
public relations, legal fees, digital forensics (
to find the source
of the hack), customer notification, and crisis
communication.
The initiative is the brainchild
of Next 15, a digital
communications group that owns seventeen marketing businesses that span across various industries and services, from digital content
to market research
to public affairs.
• Employee Code
of Conduct for Online
Communications • Employee Code
of Conduct for Company Representation in Online
Communications • Employee Blogging Disclosure Policy • Employee Facebook Usage Policy • Employee Personal Blog Policy • Employee Personal Social Network Policy • Employee Personal Twitter Policy • Employee LinkedIn Policy • Corporate Blogging Policy • Corporate Blog Use Policy • Corporate Blog Post Approval Process • Corporate Blog Commenting Policy • Corporate Facebook Brand Page Usage Policy • Corporate Facebook
Public Comment / Messaging Policy • Corporate Twitter Account Policy • Corporate YouTube Policy • Corporate YouTube
Public Comment Policy • Company Password Policy «While it may seem frivolous
to spell out policies for every social network, that's not quite the point,» Falls says.
Jill Hazelbaker — a former Google employee and Whetstone's deputy at Uber — is slated
to take over as senior vice president
of Global
Public Policy and
Communications.
As I've argued before, there's reason
to think that a company like Facebook —
public or not — has special obligations due
to its role as a piece
of communications infrastructure.
«As we have said many times, we have always been committed
to paying songwriters and publishers every penny,» Spotify global head
of communications and
public policy Jonathan Prince said in a statement.
In his comments, some
of which were shared via Twitter by reporters and Uber's own
communications team, also Khosrowshahi noted the downside
of going
public was the attention
to metrics every quarter.
On Jan. 26, Acting Attorney General Sally Yates contacted White House counsel Don McGahn
to raise concerns about discrepancies between the
public accounting and what intelligence officials knew
to be true about the contacts based on routine recordings
of communications with foreign officials who are in the U.S.
When the airline originally launched, fares on the routes it targeted fell by up
to 60 %, according
to Brad Cicero, Porter's manager
of communications and
public affairs.
«Getting attention from the media is like getting free advertising on TV, in the newspaper, or via social media channels, allowing you
to reach not only your current audience, but also people who may have never heard
of you or your product,» says Wendy Duval,
public relations and
communications manager for The Vermont Teddy Bear Company.
It's used mainly by
public relations,
communications and marketing departments at agencies, and it's inexpensive, yet powerful enough
to save a lot
of work going into Twitter, YouTube, blogs, newsfeeds and search engines.
After graduating from Syracuse University with a degree in English and a concentration in film studies, she returned
to her Alma Mater for her Masters in Digital
Communications from the S.I. Newhouse School
of Public Communications.
Says Katz, «Even if everything happened in Canada and would be subject
to communication with the
public by telecommunication, the fact that one crucial aspect
of the activity takes place in the U.S. makes it unclear whose copyright laws apply.»
AN ONLINE service has been launched with the goal
of improving
communication between
public relations consultants and the media.Internet service group Orbis has developed PressPass
to facilitate the transfer
of media materials, print quality images...
A 2010 Senate report by Senator Lieberman affirmed the President's authority during war, threat
of war, or «a state
of public peril»
to «take over wire
communications in the United States» and «shut a network down» under Section 606 of the Communication
communications in the United States» and «shut a network down» under Section 606
of the
CommunicationsCommunications Act
of 1934.