Sentences with phrase «of dichotomous outcomes»
For meta - analyses of dichotomous outcomes that we include in the «Summary of findings» tables, we will express the results as absolute risks and will use high and low observed risks among the control groups as reference points.
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Relatively little is known about social gradients in developmental outcomes, with much of the research employing dichotomous socioeconomic indicators such as family poverty.2 5 16 Thus, it is unclear whether poor developmental outcomes exhibit threshold effects (evident only when a certain level of disadvantage is exceeded), gradient effects (linear declines with increasing disadvantage) or accelerating effects (progressively stronger declines with increasing disadvantage) as suggested by some recent studies.17 — 19 Further, most research has examined socioeconomic patterns for single childhood outcomes1 or for multiple outcomes within the physical3 4 or developmental17 18 20 health domains.
For dichotomous outcomes, we used ORs with 95 % CIs as the effect size metric when presenting the effects of the individual studies.
The estimated effects of continuous outcomes are presented as a standardised effect size and dichotomous variables as OR.
A simulation study was conducted to evaluate the power of our design to detect treatment effects for dichotomous outcomes.
The baseline covariates serve as adjustment for potential differences between intervention and control families that resulted from nonrandom assignment at quasi-experimental sites or selective reporting of outcome data.29 Results of these adjusted analyses are reported as ORs for dichotomous variables and as differences in means for continuous outcomes.
For randomization sites for a dichotomous outcome and control - group prevalences ranging from 0.2 to 0.8, we found greater than 90 % power to detect a treatment effect odds ratio (OR) of 1.5.
Generalized regression models (logistic regression for dichotomous outcomes, linear regression for continuous outcomes) were used to estimate the overall adjusted effects of Healthy Steps.26, 27 These models included site variables to account for the fact that families within sites tend to respond more similarly than those at different sites.
If some primary studies report an outcome as a dichotomous measure and others use a continuous measure of the same construct, we will convert results for the former from an OR to a SMD, provided that we can assume the underlying continuous measure has approximately a normal or logistic distribution (otherwise we will perform two separate analyses).
The size of effect is described by the standardized difference (Cohen's «d») between means or proportions, and the association between treatment group and outcomes is described by the odds ratio for dichotomous outcomes and the correlation ratio (η) for continuous outcomes.
Analyses of CBCL and YSR were combined into one dichotomous outcome (CBCL or YSR T - score of 64 or higher) that revealed a significantly decreased risk for problems in the intervention group compared with the control group [RR = 0.11 (0.01 to 0.82)-RSB-.48 At the 15 - year follow - up, Aronen and Arajärvi found significant positive effects on YASR Total [0.37 (0.03 to 0.71)-RSB- and Internalising 0.36 [0.02 to 0.70)-RSB-.
The relations between independent predictor variables (measures of immunological and psychological function at entry to the trial, age of onset, and duration of illness) and dependent dichotomous outcome variables (self rated global outcome; presence or absence of caseness on the general health questionnaire at follow up; reduced or normal delayed responses to hypersensitivity skin test) were examined in separate logistic regression analyses.
As the outcome of interest — removal from the classroom through either suspension or expulsion — was a dichotomous variable, a logistic regression was most appropriate.
A third model with the same predictors and random effects was performed with the FaceReader measure of disgust as dichotomous outcome variable.
No gender differences were found with respect to attachment to mother (χ 2 (1) =.003, p >.05) or father (χ 2 (1) =.26, p >.05), nor were there any effects of child age (entered in a logistic regression with dichotomous attachment classification as outcome variable) for mother B =.02, p =.67 and father B = −.03, p =.49.