Sentences with phrase «of duplicated gene»

Rapid transcriptional plasticity of duplicated gene clusters enables a clonally reproducing aphid to colonise diverse plant species

The divergent evolution of a duplicated gene results in genetic incompatibilities between strains of the plant Arabidopsis.

In theory, excess genes are superfluous and should soon be lost, but in fact many of the duplicated genes survive to this day — around a third of our genes can be traced back to these two ancient events.

Unexpectedly, they show that the appearance of duplicated genes was not caused by a simple duplication of the whole genome but rather by a mating («hybridization») event between two different species.

This ancestor «started off with a whole new set of duplicate genes,» says Michael Clegg, a plant geneticist at the University California, Irvine, who was not involved with the work.

Contribution to the understanding of how the evolution of gene families relates to functional divergence, including the fate of duplicated genes, horizontal transfer and interspecies hybridization, as well as the characterization of the ancestral patterns of evolution among archosaurs, and the discovery of the late acquisition of mitochondria in eukaryotes (Gabaldón's group, Science 2014, PLoS Biology 2015, PLoS Genetics 2015, Nature 2016).

Not exact matches

And contrary to your cited reference's claim of a loss of specificity, to the contrary, these duplicate genes were then refined by further mutation to make them better.

Over the course of evolution, some duplicate genes are short - lived, losing functionality and ultimately being removed.

Armed with the both the king cobra and Burmese python genome the team was able to show that, despite previous hypotheses that venom genes evolve «early» in the lineage leading to snakes, venom gene families do not duplicate early, in fact the study shows that the rapid and extensive expansion of functionally important venom toxin families is restricted to the venomous «advanced» snake lineage.

So Aoife McLysaght of Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, set out to investigate why so many duplicated genes were retained.

Rather than supporting a genome duplication event at the time when yeast evolved to have twice the number of chromosomes, their data indicated that the duplicated genes had begun to diverge long before.

All this enabled them to systematically whittle away genes that either had nonessential functions or duplicated the function of another gene.

Within the duplicate regions, Carmona - Mora and her colleagues discovered many switches, known as enhancers, important for controlling activity of genes.

Some evidence hints that duplicate enhancers may help control genes important in other parts of the brain.

Some duplicated genes were lost over time but others took on new functions, including contributions to the development of floral organs.

After the gene was duplicated — now I just mention [ed] that duplication takes place all of the time, they are common sort of genetic accidents — but after the genes were duplicated, now there was the opportunity to divide the labor that was once stored by a single gene; now divide that labor into two genes, and what happened is, a series a mutations have taken place that has optimized each role — that the regulatory sensor role of GAL3 and the enzymatic - converting role of GAL1.

In this episode, Scientific American news editor Phil Yam discusses how veterinarians, physicians and multinational food companies need to work together in the global fight against animal - borne infectious diseases; and University of Wisconsin evolutionary biologist Sean Carroll talks about recent research tracking the evolution of yeast genes with specific functions descended from a single, duplicated gene with multiple functions.

Hence, the offspring derives all its genes from the mother, but they are not a duplicate of her genome.

But even making an elephant whose genes are 9 % mammoth might take 20 years, and we may never re-create an exact duplicate of the extinct species, Church says.

Many genes were duplicated even more extensively, with four, five or six copies sometimes present, instead of the usual two.

The process begins when a gene for a molecule with a potentially toxic function, like a protein - chopping enzyme, is accidentally duplicated, typically during the formation of egg cells and sperm.

«First of all, we know it is not a white pig because it is missing a duplicated KIT gene which would make it this colour.

This interaction is explained by divergent evolution occurring among paralogs of an essential duplicate gene, for which the functional copy is not located at the same locus in different accessions.

The team discovered that the stretch of DNA in question has undergone major changes; chunks of genes have been deleted, other chunks duplicated or even triplicated.

One result stood out in the DNA of the people who were less at risk for malaria: Two genes that provide instructions for two proteins called glycophorin A and glycophorin B were snipped, fused together and duplicated.

American geneticist Calvin Bridges discovered copy number variation in 1936, when he noticed that flies that inherit a duplicate copy of a gene called Bar develop very small eyes.

They discovered that the number of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes in a chromosome correlated with how often the whole chromosome or part of the chromosome was deleted or duplicated in cancers.

Next steps include trying to duplicate the mutant of this gene in the pathogenic form of mycobacteria, to demonstrate that the gene is indeed essential as predicted for infection to take place, the microbiologists say.

They found that chickens with the Muffs and beard trait had three duplicated regions of chromosome 27, inserted next to one of the original gene regions.

In earlier work, James Sikela, a genome researcher at the University of Colorado, Denver, and Jonathan Pollack from Stanford University and colleagues found 134 genes that had been duplicated primarily after human ancestors split off from other primates.

A closer look revealed that the heavily - duplicated gene contained its own duplications: six copies of a domain called DUF1220.

This receptor is made using one of two duplicated copies of the T - cell receptor gene, called C1 or C2, at random.

A copy number variant may affect dozens of genes, or it can disrupt or duplicate a single gene.

The researchers analyzed DNA sequences known as transposons, or «jumping genes,» which can jump from one part of the genome to another, often duplicating themselves in the process.

As the authors note, «the presence of duplicated and diverged genomic regions probably promotes functional novelty between resulting gene copies, following positive selection.»

In 2008, Wigler proposed that such cases, characterized by changes in gene copy number — duplicated or deleted genome segments that leave an individual with extra or missing copies of one or more genes — likely account for at least half of ASD cases.

Andy Peters and Ursula Storb show that the initiation of Ig gene transcription targets Ig gene somatic hypermutation (SHM), by duplicating the variable (V) region promoter upstream of the constant (C) region and showing that a second wave of mutations occurs over the C region.

Genes can be removed, altered, or duplicated, and rates of gene expression can be selectively increased or decreased.

Nearly a decade ago now, researchers demonstrated restoration of more youthful levels of liver function in old mice by adding a duplicate gene to increase amounts of this protein.

However, such CRISPR screens are sensitive to a phenomenon called the copy number effect, where genes that have been repeatedly duplicated within a cell (as commonly happens in cancer cells) can be flagged as essential regardless of whether they are or not.

Estimates from Escherichia coli indicate that 46 % of its 4100 genes are recognizable as gene duplicates (Koonin et al., 1995).

The scientists also discovered that genes modified only by one of the epigenetic markers, H3K4me3, contain the DNA recipes for proteins that enable an ES cell to proliferate, or duplicate itself.

In yeast, the published genomic sequences show that at least 14 % of its 5800 genes are clear duplicates.

In multicellular organisms, functional duplicate copies of a gene can exist in a genome, but if their expression patterns do not overlap, their products are unable to compensate for each other if either gene is mutated.

With no tell - tale signs of whole genome duplication, the researchers say, the octopus must have instead duplicated specific regions of its genetic code — and acquired totally novel genes — over the course of its evolution.

Furthermore, recombination between duplicated sequences introduces structural variation into the human genome and facilitates the formation of clustered gene families.

The ancient Cucurbita allotetraploid lost its duplicated genes randomly from both of the contributing diploids.

Therefore, the second protein is likely a more divergent duplicate of the ancient Boule gene, specific to the Cnidarian lineage.

Perhaps the most striking feature is the extent to which individual genes and entire blocks of chromosomal regions have been duplicated in the Arabidopsis genome.

Massively parallel RNA sequencing (RNA - Seq) was used to investigate in an unbiased fashion the expression of different genes, comparing the control and DAXX K / D expression patterns in PC3 cells (duplicate samples).