Effects
of early stress on brain structure and function: Implications for understanding the relationship between child maltreatment and depression
Dr. Fisher's work on children in foster care and the child welfare system includes (a) basic research characterizing the effects
of early stress on neurobiological systems such as the HPA axis and areas of the prefrontal cortex involved in executive functioning; (b) the development of preventive interventions, including the Treatment Foster Care of Oregon Program for Preschoolers (TFCO - P) and the Kids in Transition to School Program (KITS); and (c) the dissemination of evidence - based practice in community settings.
Dr. Thompson profiles what scientists have learned about the developing brain, the growth of thinking and learning, the effects
of early stress, and the importance of relationships to young children's development.
Such differences in neurobiological sensitivity, likely based, in part, on genetic and epigenetic variation, are figuring prominently in the field's exploration of the biological embedding
of early stress.
These few examples selected from an extensive research field illustrates the critical effects
of early stress on brain development.
Several investigators using mother — infant separation paradigms in rodents, one of the most frequently used paradigms to examine the effects
of early stress, have noted that separation resulted in subtle disruptions in the quality of maternal — pup interaction.
Similarly, Francis et al54 have shown that environmental enrichment can reverse the effects
of early stress on HPA activation and behavioral response to stress.
Given emerging preclinical and clinical findings demonstrating the importance of both genetic and environmental (e.g., care giving and social supports) factors in determining the consequences
of early stress, we examined the moderating role of the 5 - HTTLPR and social supports on the development of depression in maltreated children.
While no other studies, to our knowledge, have explored the buffering effects of the caregiving environment in the stress - asthma association, animal studies have shown that environmental enrichment can reverse the effects
of early stress experiences on stress reactivity.51 Laviola et al52 and Morley - Fletcher et al53 have shown that environmental enrichment eliminates the outcomes of prenatal stress on corticosterone response and reactivity to an immune - suppressive agent.
New research indicates a link between certain kinds
of early stress and dysfunction in the neuroendocrine system...
Effects
of early stress on adult affiliative behavior, Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 (8), 863 - 875.
Not exact matches
«You've had a modest widening out
of spreads but nothing that's too alarming which would indicate to us at least an
early - stage credit dislocation or any financial
stress,» Morganlander said.
Employees in their
early 30s often suffer from more
stress due to being in a season
of life during which they're incurring debt.
Host Nicole Holland's aim for #BBRShow is to help her listeners avoid the pitfalls that her guests faced in their
early days
of entrepreneurship, from unnecessary expenses and wasted time to undue
stress and uncertainty.
Here, at the
early stages
of discussion, he
stressed, the board spoke to only two prospective buyers — Silver Lake and Kohlberg Kravis & Roberts — and KKR dropped out
early.
It is beginning with primary education — which is now beginning to
stress tools that encourage self - sufficiency and entrepreneurship as
early as elementary school — and extending to college, which is tiptoeing into the world
of preparing students for the eventualities
of self - employment.
Schleckser
stresses that
early in an organization's founding, entrepreneurs make up for the lack
of processes and systems with talent.
Although it is fair to say that the recent uptick in volatility has in part reduced
earlier concerns about prolonged low volatility and associated reach - for - yield behavior, it has placed added focus on the resilience
of liquidity, particularly in markets, such as the market for corporate bonds, that may be prone to gapping between liquidity demand and supply in
stressed conditions.
Looking first at self - reports
of ongoing
stress, we found that people experience a sharp increase in
stress levels in their late twenties and
early thirties,» he says.
Front - line ladermen and women are usually young, and the
stress of battling the flames makes this a job with a relatively
early retirement age.
The TARP (Troubled Asset Relief Program) program, the
early US
stress tests, and various actions to recapitalise troubled banks and dispose
of poorly performing assets were all important in this regard.
[00:08] Introduction [02:50] Tony introduces Ray Dalio [05:30] Ray's upbringing and
early life [06:00] The first stock he bought [07:00] Getting hooked on the market [07:30] Why he wants to share his secrets now [08:15] The three stages
of life [08:45] Finding joy in helping others achieve success [09:15] Creating principles in life [09:45] Why his new book is a recipe book [10:45] The two things you need to be successful [11:10] You have to
stress test your ideas [11:50] The power
of making mistakes [14:00] Public humiliation in 1982 [15:30] The most painful experience became the most powerful [15:50] Learning to ask: «How do I know I'm right?»
As always, the best opportunities are likely to emerge when a material retreat in valuations is joined by an
early improvement in our measures
of market action (which, following our
stress - testing
earlier in this half - cycle, are robust to every market cycle we've observed across history).
Naturally, there are a lot
of compelling reasons to retire
early, such as more leisure time, vacations, and less
stress.
Leaders and executives need to learn to interpret signs
of chronic
stress early on, former banker Claudia Kraaz writes in an essay for finews.first.
With rates low, some
early signs
of reflation and central banks in a stimulative mood, gold prices could be a good hedge against financial market
stresses.
He
stressed the importance
of balanced budgets
earlier this month when announcing former Saskatchewan finance minister Andrew Thomson would be running as an NDP candidate in Toronto.
Looking back before the most recent crisis, we also saw high correlations during
earlier periods
of stress.
Therefore, the poor mental health (highly - prevalent depression) does not stem from a lack
of exercise, smoking or drinking as required by the LDS Church Word
of Wisdom dictates.The church leaders do
stress to get married
early and to have lots
of children.
Wright begins with a painfully short analysis
of the
early church and the assembling
of the canon, noting that the emergence
of Gnosticism and other heresies led to an emphasis among
early Christians on the historical nature
of the church as rooted in the Jewish story,
stressing «the continuity from Jesus» day to their own, and indeed on the continuity
of the people
of Abraham, transformed through Jesus the Messiah but still obedient to the same world - transforming call.»
All the historically significant spiritual writers who advocate frequent communion — one only has to think
of the great St Francis de Sales in the late 16th and
early 17th century — also
stress the necessity for frequent confession and serious preparation.
In the middle
of an ugly divorce, we might find ourselves longing for the
early years
of the relationship as though that had been our time in Eden, forgetting the
stresses of money, unreliable used cars, in - laws and learning to live together.
Like an
earlier woman mystic, Hildegard
of Bingen (1098 - 1179), Julian
stressed the motherly character
of God's love and said that God is really a Mother as well as a Father.
Early communication research
stressed the impact
of messages moving from a single source to a receiver, with the possibility,
of course, that the message received was not necessarily the same one that was sent, due to variations
of perception, a sort
of «static» that interferes with the message content (Shannon and Weaver 1949).
While a full exposition
of Sullivan's developmental stages lies well beyond the scope
of the present essay, it would be beneficial here, in concluding this precis
of Sullivan's theory, to
stress that the fundamental process
of normal interpersonal development continues into the late twenties and possibly into one's
early thirties.
German Protestant theology had been dominated since the
early 1920s by various theologies that had
stressed and interwoven the concepts
of revelation as foundational to theology and
of the Word
of God as a concrete address calling for a radical decision
of faith or unfaith, with varying emphasis on whatever the address might actually say.
In my
earlier discussion I indicated my own preference regarding a «theory»
of atonement (Abelard's
stress on God's demonstration
of the divine Love - in - act, combined with an onto - logical grounding
of this in the structure and dynamic
of the cosmos).
In an
earlier chapter we
stressed the Christian teaching that each
of us is a compound and complex organism
of material stuff, and
of intellectual, emotional, cognative, and valuational powers, all
of which are necessary for full life in this world.
Marxism emphasizes the revolutionary quality
of early Christianity and
stresses the significant contrast between
early and late Christianity.
He is specifically cited in Reformation arguments, especially by Calvin, and both Luther and Calvin recognized that the themes they emphasized as the essential gospel had been
stressed earlier by Augustine: the universality and depth
of the problem
of sin; the consequent incapacity
of even the «best» persons to follow the law commanding inward love, the possibility
of salvation —
of escaping condemnation and
of gaining blessedness — through God's grace alone.
The author's final chapters lay great
stress on the work
of the Holy Spirit in Christian healing; and many
of the verses from the Bible that
early AAs studied can be found cited by Hickson in these chapters — verses from the Gospels, from Acts, from James, from Corinthians, from Ephesians — and others dealing with the «gifts
of healing.»
Dawkins» later said he had been reinvited, but said that the controversy over the conference had caused
stress ahead
of his minor stroke
earlier this year.
In times
of transition (
early nation
of Israel,
early church) and times
of great
stress, the «OT and NT heroes
of the faith» can be expected to make deadly mistakes and even lie about them.
In an
earlier era, denominations emphasized the efficiency and effectiveness
of their work; now they
stress the continuity between the individual's commitment to God and to the church as God's principal agent in the world.
Through a lifetime
of addiction and post traumatic
stress from abuse
of many different ilks in
early childhood, adolescence, and most
of my 20's and 30's, I have already been through «hell».
There were those in the
early Church who so
stressed the divinity
of Christ and so neglected the manhood
of Christ that they held that he only seemed to suffer and die.
Some views
of child development
stress an
early phase
of self - centredness and narcissism as essential in the growth
of the personality.
This movement, a reaction to the perceived sterility
of earlier, purely analytic studies, emphasized the unifying themes
of scripture and
stressed the revelatory acts
of God in history as described in the Bible.
What can be done, however, is to refer to the
early apostolic witness, seen in the context
of the living Christian tradition, and to the manner in which that witness
stressed both the centrality
of the figure
of Jesus and the enormous impact he had made.
The
early years
of promise also created the
stress of uncertainty — perhaps a feature in the rise
of all new media.