Site - specific administration of chemokines (CXCL9 - 10) restored homing signals that were diminished in septic hosts to permit recruitment
of effector cells to the skin.
Not exact matches
Our research enhances the traditional understanding
of the plant defense system and describes a new concept describing how plants protect themselves against the pathogens that grow in the space outside plant
cells (the apoplast)-- a new concept called
effector - triggered defense or ETD.»
These results suggest GSK2636771 treatment can «synergize» with OX40 agonist antibodies to augment
effector functions
of tumor - reactive T
cells.»
The researchers studied two types
of cells called
effector T
cells, which activate the immune system to defend our body against different pathogens, and regulatory T
cells, which help control the immune system and prevent it from attacking healthy parts
of its environment.
The spleen showed increased expansion
of antigen - experienced
effector and memory CD4 + T -
cells.
«Previously it was thought that HIV was hiding primarily in central memory T -
cells, but our new HIV genetic sequencing test has revealed that the majority
of replication - competent virus is actually hiding in
effector memory T -
cells.
However, it is this small proportion
of virus that hides in the
effector memory T -
cells and stops the immune system from fully destroying the virus and eliminating it from the body.
We identified distinct clusters
of CD4 - CTL
effector and precursor
cells in the TEMRA subset; the precursor
cells shared TCR clonotypes with CD4 - CTL
effectors and were distinguished by high expression
of the interleukin - 7 receptor.
Single -
cell differential gene expression analysis revealed a spectrum
of known transcripts, including several linked to cytotoxic and costimulatory function that are expressed at higher levels in the TEMRA (
effector memory T
cells expressing CD45RA) subset, which is highly enriched for CD4 - CTLs, compared with CD4 + T
cells in the central memory (TCM) and
effector memory (TEM) subsets.
Their results demonstrate that specific rhoptry and dense granule
effector proteins that T. gondii secretes before and after host
cell invasion, respectively, control the development
of an effective host antitumor response, and increase the survival
of mice with ovarian tumors.
«Preventing graft - versus - host disease and relapse after transplant requires a difficult balance
of eliminating the bad, overactive
effector T
cells, without suppressing the good, regulatory T
cells,» said Kean, who is also an associate professor
of pediatrics at the University
of Washington School
of Medicine and a member
of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.
Partial activation
of the yeast pheromone response pathway by beta - adrenergic receptor agonists was achieved in
cells coexpressing h beta - AR and a mammalian G protein (Gs) alpha subunit - demonstrating that these components can couple to each other and to downstream
effectors when expressed in yeast.
In their models, abatacept reduced the proliferation and activation
of effector T
cells.
In many cases the damage is caused by a particular group
of immune
cells called
effector memory T -
cells.
The final component in this long series
of signal sequences is the Yorkie
effector protein that is the decisive factor at the end
of the Hippo signaling pathway and determines the start
of reactivation, growth, and division in the stem
cells.
Calmodulin (CaM) is a major
effector for the intracellular actions
of Ca2 + in nearly all
cell types.
A recent paper in the experimental biology publication The FASEB Journal describes how peptides found in hookworms inhibit the proliferation
of effector memory T
cells, which, unlike regulatory T
cells, can actually trigger inflammation.
«BOK is an
effector of mitochondrial apoptosis that appears to work in a different way to known proteins that initiate mitchondrial
cell death,» said Fabien Llambi, Research Laboratory Specialist at St. Jude and the first author
of the paper.
This «friendly fire» goes unchecked due to the failing
of another type
of immune
cell: called the T - reg, which controls T -
effector cells, shutting them down when they are not needed.
«What these new findings on exhausted T
cells tells us is that the unique epigenetic profile
of exhausted T
cells causes these
cells to express a different overall set
of genes compared to memory or
effector T
cells,» Wherry said.
His group showed that a small number
of stem -
cell like CD8 T
cells - called «memory»
cells - were enough to produce and repeatedly replenish all
of the T -
effector cells needed to fight the disease.
These findings suggested that exhausted T
cells are a distinct lineage
of T
cells in and
of themselves instead
of just being
effector or memory T
cells restrained by checkpoint pathways.
The phenotype
of NP
cells generated ex vivo (Figure S8) closely resembles that
of central memory CD4 + T
cells found in vivo, which persist for years in secondary lymphoid organs and can differentiate into
effector memory CD4 + T
cells [45].
The development
of GVHD was equivalent between the two groups (data not shown), suggesting that treatment with X4 - ZFNs did not affect CD4 + T
cell effector functionality.
Relative importance
of rotavirus - specific
effector and memory B
cell responses in protection against challenge.
She demonstrated, for the first time, that the pathogenesis
of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice correlated with an enhanced pathogenicity
of T
effector cells and a decreased suppressive activity
of Tregs.
We will develop mathematical models to predict the pathways
of differentiation from naive to memory and
effector T -
cell subsets based on the characterisation
of surface marker expression, transcription factors and cytokines production at early and late time points after immunisation.
Recently, we showed that bortezomib treatment in mice bearing breast and kidney tumors provided host survival benefit by amplifying tumor
cell caspase8 activation, CD8T
cell effector molecules via increased NotchNFkB crosstalk and Fas ligandmediated lysis
of tumor
cells.
Differential glycosylation
of TH1, TH2 and TH - 17
effector cells selectively regulates susceptibility to
cell death.
Rejection by CD8 + T
cells does not appear to involve either allospecific CTL or DTH
effector mechanisms; however, CD8 + T
cells are able to induce significant apoptosis
of allogeneic corneal endothelial
cells.
Our experts in mucosal vaccine delivery have established in vitro and in vivo models to assess the activity
of adjuvants and vaccine formulations on innate and adaptive immune
cells, as well their capacity to stimulate different
effector mechanisms
of clearance.
Naïve T
cells then expand and differentiate into
effector T lymphocytes that acquire either cytotoxic activity or secrete high amounts
of certain cytokines.
The HZI will develop a vaccination protocol for mucosal administration based on three novel strategies: (i) development and optimization
of a vaccination protocol in which parenterally - primed T and B
cells are subsequently pulled into the mucosa by the local delivery
of the cognate antigen to the requested
effector site, (ii) testing the co-administration
of antigens with novel mucosal adjuvants using different mucosal immunisation routes and schedules, and (iii) testing various nanoparticles co-administered with different immunomodulators for their ability to generate both systemic and mucosal immune responses following transcutaneous / trans - follicular vaccination.
We suggest three novel strategies: (i) Develop and optimise a prime - pull protocol in which parenterally - primed T and B
cells are subsequently pulled into the mucosa by the local delivery
of the cognate antigen to the requested
effector site.
These include examinations
of the effect
of antigen structure on the spectrum
of cytokines produced after either in vivo or in vitro stimulation, as well as the ability to anergize Vα14 iNKT
cells in terms
of cytokine production and
effector function by prior antigen challenge.
They include reduced lymphocyte repertoire, increasing clonality and increasing autoreactivity.5, 7,8 Recent work has focused on intrinsic
cell defects, which alter T
cell activation threshold, induction
of cellular senescence and differentiation into short - lived
effector or long - lived memory
cells.
Spleen
cells (3 × 107) from either experimental or control
effector lymphocytes were dispensed into 75 - cm2 tissue culture flasks along with 20 ml
of boosting medium and 6 × 105 γ - irradiated (3,000 rad) BALB / c spleen
cells (erythrocytes lysed).
Therefore, in both mice and non-human primates, HO - 1 inducers delivered locally inhibited
effector T -
cells in an antigen - specific manner, paving the way for repositioning these drugs for the treatment
of immune - mediated diseases.
Whereas acute CD8 + T
cell effector responses are enhanced in DGKζ - deficient mice postinfection with intracellular pathogens, persistent memory formation is impaired, most dramatically when both DGKζ and DGKα, the other isoform
of DGK that metabolizes DAG downstream
of the TCR in T
cells, are deleted (35, 36).
Graphs show the frequency
of IFN - γ
effector CD8 + T
cells.
DKO mice, however, have a decreased percentage
of memory precursor
cells and an increase in short - lived
effector cells compared with WT mice.
We have shown that invariant Natural Killer T
cells (iNKT), a subset
of CD1d - restricted T
cells displaying innate
effector functions, rewire the prostate cancer microenvironment leading to cancer control.
The things that we have demonstrated — such as the fact that the vertical nanowires can deliver any biological
effector to any
cell type in a spatially selected fashion — have drawn interest from many different people, and we have been working with stem
cell institutes and others to demonstrate the unique utility
of this particular platform.
Apoptosis has been implicated as a T
cell - dependent immune
effector mechanism in various forms
of organ graft rejection (29 — 31).
We have also have adopted a number
of lines
of study into the regulation
of cytokine production and
effector cell responses such, as cytotoxicity, in the response
of Vα14 iNKT
cells to glycolipid antigens or IL - 12 from activated DCs.
Although similar numbers
of total splenic gp33 - LCMV — specific T
cells were observed between genotypes (Fig. 5B), the distribution
of gp33 - LCMV — specific CD8 + T
cell effector and memory subsets were altered, such that there was a significantly lower percentage
of short - term
effector T
cells and reciprocal changes in memory precursor
cells among gp33 - specifc CD8 + T
cells in WT relative to DKO mice (Fig. 5C), with a trend in changes in absolute
cell numbers, consistent with temporal data from peripheral blood (Fig. 5A).
Deletion
of DGKζ from T
cells results in prolonged TCR signal transduction downstream
of DAG, resulting in enhanced activation
of Ras, increased
effector T
cell proliferation, and amplified cytokine production, which leads to increased antitumor activity against s.c. implanted EL4 tumors or murine mesothelioma (12, 16, 17).
Of special interest were ICOS, whose «role in effector T cell responses and anti-tumor immune responses is now well established,» and CD40, which is «important for the maturation of antigen - presenting cells and for enabling T cell co-stimulation.&raqu
Of special interest were ICOS, whose «role in
effector T
cell responses and anti-tumor immune responses is now well established,» and CD40, which is «important for the maturation
of antigen - presenting cells and for enabling T cell co-stimulation.&raqu
of antigen - presenting
cells and for enabling T
cell co-stimulation.»
Consequently both
effector cells can operate in tandem, with NK
cells providing a first line defense killing target
cells that escape CTL recognition or show inadequate expression
of self - MHC 142.
Strength
of PD - 1 signaling differentially affects T -
cell effector functions.