Furthermore, CMV - specific CTL have a highly polarized membrane phenotype that is typical
of effector memory cells (CD28 -LRB--), CD57 (+), CCR7 -LRB--)-RRB-.
A recent paper in the experimental biology publication The FASEB Journal describes how peptides found in hookworms inhibit the proliferation
of effector memory T cells, which, unlike regulatory T cells, can actually trigger inflammation.
Not exact matches
The spleen showed increased expansion
of antigen - experienced
effector and
memory CD4 + T - cells.
«Previously it was thought that HIV was hiding primarily in central
memory T - cells, but our new HIV genetic sequencing test has revealed that the majority
of replication - competent virus is actually hiding in
effector memory T - cells.
However, it is this small proportion
of virus that hides in the
effector memory T - cells and stops the immune system from fully destroying the virus and eliminating it from the body.
Single - cell differential gene expression analysis revealed a spectrum
of known transcripts, including several linked to cytotoxic and costimulatory function that are expressed at higher levels in the TEMRA (
effector memory T cells expressing CD45RA) subset, which is highly enriched for CD4 - CTLs, compared with CD4 + T cells in the central
memory (TCM) and
effector memory (TEM) subsets.
In many cases the damage is caused by a particular group
of immune cells called
effector memory T - cells.
«What these new findings on exhausted T cells tells us is that the unique epigenetic profile
of exhausted T cells causes these cells to express a different overall set
of genes compared to
memory or
effector T cells,» Wherry said.
His group showed that a small number
of stem - cell like CD8 T cells - called «
memory» cells - were enough to produce and repeatedly replenish all
of the T -
effector cells needed to fight the disease.
These findings suggested that exhausted T cells are a distinct lineage
of T cells in and
of themselves instead
of just being
effector or
memory T cells restrained by checkpoint pathways.
The phenotype
of NP cells generated ex vivo (Figure S8) closely resembles that
of central
memory CD4 + T cells found in vivo, which persist for years in secondary lymphoid organs and can differentiate into
effector memory CD4 + T cells [45].
Relative importance
of rotavirus - specific
effector and
memory B cell responses in protection against challenge.
We will develop mathematical models to predict the pathways
of differentiation from naive to
memory and
effector T - cell subsets based on the characterisation
of surface marker expression, transcription factors and cytokines production at early and late time points after immunisation.
They include reduced lymphocyte repertoire, increasing clonality and increasing autoreactivity.5, 7,8 Recent work has focused on intrinsic cell defects, which alter T cell activation threshold, induction
of cellular senescence and differentiation into short - lived
effector or long - lived
memory cells.
Whereas acute CD8 + T cell
effector responses are enhanced in DGKζ - deficient mice postinfection with intracellular pathogens, persistent
memory formation is impaired, most dramatically when both DGKζ and DGKα, the other isoform
of DGK that metabolizes DAG downstream
of the TCR in T cells, are deleted (35, 36).
DKO mice, however, have a decreased percentage
of memory precursor cells and an increase in short - lived
effector cells compared with WT mice.
Although similar numbers
of total splenic gp33 - LCMV — specific T cells were observed between genotypes (Fig. 5B), the distribution
of gp33 - LCMV — specific CD8 + T cell
effector and
memory subsets were altered, such that there was a significantly lower percentage
of short - term
effector T cells and reciprocal changes in
memory precursor cells among gp33 - specifc CD8 + T cells in WT relative to DKO mice (Fig. 5C), with a trend in changes in absolute cell numbers, consistent with temporal data from peripheral blood (Fig. 5A).
Consistent with prior reports on
effector cells (35), we observed that, among CD8 + T cells specific for the dominant epitope
of LCMV (GP33), the percentages
of short - lived
effector cells (KLRG1 + CD127 −) were increased, and the percentages
of memory precursor cells (KLRG1 + CD127 +) were decreased in the peripheral blood
of DGKζ − / −, Cbl - b − / −, and DKO mice relative to WT mice after acute infection (Fig. 5A).
Unexpected positive control
of NFκB and miR - 155 by DGKα and ζ ensures
effector and
memory CD8 + T cell differentiation.
These data indicate that enhanced TCR signaling resulting either from deletion
of DGKζ or Cbl - b results in skewed
effector versus
memory development postinfection with LCMV.
Initial studies demonstrated that ligation
of 4 - 1BB on T cells could deliver costimulatory signals resulting in either increased proliferation or enhanced cytokine secretion and also control clonal expansion and differentiation
of effector and
memory T cells.
The most potent
of these, known as
effector memory T cells, are activated by a group
of proteins known as human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on the surface
of endothelial cells lining the donated organ's blood vessels.
Huynh, T.N., Santini, E., and Klann, E. (2014) Requirment
of mammaliant target
of rapamycin complex 1 downstream
effectors in cued fear
memory reconsolidation and its persistence.
We explored how aging affects transcriptional dynamics using single - cell RNA sequencing
of unstimulated and stimulated naïve and
effector memory CD4 (+) T cells from young and old mice from two divergent species.