The innate immune system is particularly amenable to characterization with expression - based methodology such as RNA - seq, as one of the key biological consequences of pathogenic infections is the rapid induction of several classes
of effector proteins, along with up - regulation of a number of other pathway components.
This intimate contact allows translocation
of effector proteins by the SPI1 - T3SS.
Activity
of the effector proteins result in effacement of the brush border, induction of massive membrane ruffles and formation of novel reticular F - actin structures in a highly dynamic manner.
Previous research has already shown that the protein YscU plays an important part in the regulation
of effector protein transportation.
Not exact matches
In this pathway, dopamine - and an adenosine 3 ′, 5 ′ - monophosphate (cAMP)-- regulated phospho -
protein of 32 kilodaltons (DARPP - 32) is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated at three sites, in a pattern predicted to cause a synergistic inhibition
of protein phosphatase — 1 and concomitant regulation
of its downstream
effector proteins glycogen synthesis kinase — 3 (GSK - 3), cAMP response element — binding
protein (CREB), and c - Fos.
Their results demonstrate that specific rhoptry and dense granule
effector proteins that T. gondii secretes before and after host cell invasion, respectively, control the development
of an effective host antitumor response, and increase the survival
of mice with ovarian tumors.
As the end products and biological
effectors of gene expression,
proteins are crucial for improving our understanding
of human biology, developing new and better drugs, and advancing precision medicine.
Partial activation
of the yeast pheromone response pathway by beta - adrenergic receptor agonists was achieved in cells coexpressing h beta - AR and a mammalian G
protein (Gs) alpha subunit - demonstrating that these components can couple to each other and to downstream
effectors when expressed in yeast.
The final component in this long series
of signal sequences is the Yorkie
effector protein that is the decisive factor at the end
of the Hippo signaling pathway and determines the start
of reactivation, growth, and division in the stem cells.
«BOK is an
effector of mitochondrial apoptosis that appears to work in a different way to known
proteins that initiate mitchondrial cell death,» said Fabien Llambi, Research Laboratory Specialist at St. Jude and the first author
of the paper.
Further insight into the basic details
of CRISPR - Cas structure, functions, and biology — and characterization
of new Cas
effector proteins in particular — is crucial for optimizing and further expanding the diverse applications
of CRISPR - Cas systems.
These studies can lead to the development
of new methods or the improvement
of existing ones but are driven mainly by the primary goal
of finding useful
effectors of the target
proteins.
However, all in all, a lot
of basic research still needs to be carried out to fully understand the disease process: XopH is only one
of a total
of more than 35
effector proteins that bacteria inject into plants to colonise them.
Rab5 and its
effector FHF contribute to neuronal polarity through dynein - dependent retrieval
of somatodendritic
proteins from the axon.
We have identified and characterized its
effector proteins, and reconstituted them in synthetic endosomes capable
of efficient membrane fusion, comparable to the purified organelles.
«Most
of the signals that people are working with and identifying right now are the most abundant signals — the main
effector proteins,» says Klemke.
In order to find these elusive
effector proteins, Klemke and Wang are using a technique that Klemke has developed over the last decade for looking specifically at the leading edge
of a migratory cell.
Because treatment with rapamycin also led to decreased AKT phosphorylation in ALK + ALCL cells in our in vitro study, it is tempting to speculate that an
effector protein downstream
of mTOR - raptor may contribute directly or indirectly to AKT activation.
The most potent
of these, known as
effector memory T cells, are activated by a group
of proteins known as human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on the surface
of endothelial cells lining the donated organ's blood vessels.
The «HIF - 1 signaling pathway» also activates Glycolysis through the activation
of different circuits that trigger
effector proteins (PDK1, PFKL, ALDOA, etc.) with annotations such as glycolytic process, canonical glycolysis, glucose metabolic process, etc..
The «HIF - 1 signaling pathway» also inhibits Tricarboxylic acid cycle through the inhibition
of circuits that trigger the
effector protein PDHA1 with diverse GO annotations such as tricarboxylic acid cycle, acetyl - CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate or carbohydrate metabolic process
Yes ‐ associated
protein (YAP) is a transcriptional co ‐ activator and major
effector of the Hippo pathway, promoting cell proliferation and stemness.
Although antimicrobial peptides are not the only functional class to be overrepresented among short, secreted
proteins encoded by members
of multi-gene families, the prevalence
of these properties among induced genes strongly suggests the possibly that at least some
of these genes encode novel immune
effectors.
We have shown in frogs (4), flies (7) and worms (11) that the TCF
proteins constitute the
effectors of the canonical Wnt pathway.
Helicobacter pylori
effector protein CagA activates the signal transduction and activator
of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway: a potential mechanism for gastric cancer development.
In the second line
of defense, the plant uses defense
proteins inside the cell to detect the bacterial
effectors and sound the alarm.
Major areas
of activity in our lab include 1) identification and characterization
of Sgenes, 2) genomic analyses to identify the diversity
of TAL
effectors in pathogen populations and understand their evolution, and 3) structural and biochemical studies to better harness the unique properties
of these
proteins for applications such as targeted gene regulation and genome editing.
5/24/2007 How Plague - Causing Bacteria Disarm Host Defense
Effector proteins are the bad guys that help bacterial pathogens do their job
of infecting the host by crippling the body's immune system.
To examine the functional role
of Smad1 and Smad5 in GDF5 - induced neurite length, primary cultures were transfected by microporation with siRNAs targeting the co-Smad4 (required for nuclear translocation
of Smad1 / 5 transcriptional complex [33]-RRB- or the Smad1 and Smad5
effectors proteins, which are known targets
of miR - 181a (Table 2).
Stephen Alexander, UK - Cannabinoid receptors, transporters, endocannabinoid turnover, hydrogen sulphide turnover Arthur Christopoulos, Australia (GPCRs Liaison)- G
protein - coupled receptors; analytical pharmacology; allosteric modulation; biased agonism; drug discovery; neuropharmacology John Cidlowski, USA (NHRs Liaison)- Glucocorticoid receptor signaling; apoptosis and the immune system Anthony P. Davenport, UK (Chair Evolving Pharmacology, GPCRs Liaison) Doriano Fabbro, Switzerland - Kinases and their biology, kinase inhibitors, drug discovery, pharmacology
of drugs (kinase inhibitors) in the indication oncology, biology
of oncology Kozo Kaibuchi, Japan Yoshikatsu Kanai, Japan - Transporters, amino acid signals, epithelial function, cancer biology Francesca Levi - Schaffer, Israel - eosinophils and mast cells as
effector cells in allergic inflammation: characterization
of new receptors / ligands, hypoxia / angiogenesis and eosinophils, asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, immunopharmacological modulation
of allergic diseases by bispecific recombinant antibodies, bacteria interactions with eosinophils and mast cells, the allergic
effector unit, mast cell derived tumors: new antibody based treatment, the allergic inflammation and the resolvome, non IgE - mediated mast cell activation in diseases Eliot H. Ohlstein, USA (Editor)- Drug discovery and development, urogenital biology, cardiovascular / metabolic medicine John A. Peters, UK (LGICs Liaison) Alex Phipps, UK - Oncology, Clinical Pharmacology, Biologics and Immunotherapy Joerg Striessnig, Austria (VGICs Liaison)- Physiology, pharmacology and pathophysiological role
of voltage-gated calcium channels
We identified genomic «hotspots»
of homologous recombination that include regions containing outer membrane
proteins, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) region and Dot / Icm
effectors, which provide interesting clues to the selection pressures faced by L. pneumophila.
A patent application has been filed and testing is underway on the
protein — called HT - TALENs (short for HIV - targeted transcription activator - like
effector nucleases)-- which uses a newly developed gene - editing technique to rid the body's cells
of the immunodeficiency virus before it has a chance to multiply and possibly develop into AIDS.
Background: Interferon inducible transmembrane (IFITM)
proteins are
effectors of the immune system widely characterized for their role in restricting infection by diverse enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.
In examining individual meal components, we identified volume,
protein, and salt as
effectors of postprandial sleep.