Sentences with phrase «of electron density»

Studies to determine the typical behavior of the electron density peak height disturbance, ΔhmF2, at middle latitudes during geomagnetic storms have been performed (Blanch & Altadill 2012).

The global observations of electron density profiles from the COSMIC satellites are used for the period of time 1 October 2007 — 31 March 2009, when the 9 - day oscillations in external forcing (solar wind, Kp - index, and the NOAA Power Index) are strong.

The maximum electron density of the E-layer and the F1 - layer increased slightly (see the figure), and the height of the electron density maximum of the E-region decreased slightly, in qualitative agreement with model predictions.

A partial list would include the Patterson function, isomorphous replacement, and anomalous scattering, which enabled the determination of organic structures; direct (i.e., purely computational) methods of phase determination, which enabled small - molecule crystallography to be almost totally automated; synchrotron radiation and area detectors, which together made it possible to collect data on macromolecular structures in hours instead of months; and automatic interpretation of electron density maps.

The experiments proved these new superconductors have the second type of electron density distribution, called a nematic.

So as the tip is passed across the sample surface, it creates a spatial image of the electron density and, separately, of the crystal lattice.

Not exact matches

Electron temperature and density characterization using L - shell spectroscopy of laser irradiated buried iron layer targets

Generation of Superponderomotive Electrons in Multipicosecond Interactions of Kilojoule Laser Beams with Solid - Density Plasmas

Some include: The strong nuclear constant, the weak nuclear constant, the gravitational force constant, the electromagnetic constant, Ration of electron to proton mass, ration of protons to electrons, expansion rate of the universe, entropy level of the universe, mass density of the universe, velocity of light, etc..

First off, the density of electrons doesn't directly reveal the mathematical structure of the orbital.

In the simplest setup, the size of the current reveals the density of electrons in the surface, allowing it to be mapped out.

«The crust of a neutron star is made of lower - density material that contains protons, neutrons and electrons,» Conover says.

Between 150 and 350 kilometers above Earth's surface, the density of free - floating electrons should drop by a factor of two as they rejoin atoms, the researchers say.

Scientists have worked out the spatial distribution of electron and positron density in Ps as given by the solution of the Schroedinger equation.

The electron density there is about four times the average density of the conduction electrons in copper wire.

«The high electron density within this plasma makes it an excellent conductor of electricity, just like metal,» Anderson says.

Instead of a selection of facial features, the «Identikit» library contains «fuzzy fragments» — electron density maps of common subgroups in biological molecules, such as individual amino acids, or functionally important components such as chlorine atoms and methyl groups.

«It took us 35 minutes to get the first ever electron density map of HIV protease, and I estimate it would have taken 300 years using conventional techniques,» he says.

Thus, if one considers the energy density in a sound field capable of producing sonoluminescence, one finds it to be quite small — on the order of 10 - 11 electron volt per molecule.

Along with black holes, neutron stars are the result of stars collapsing under gravity once their fuel burns out, until their density is about the same as that of the nucleus of an atom, at which point the protons and electrons «melt» into pure neutrons.

The structure of RuO2 (110) and the mechanism for catalytic carbon monoxide oxidation on this surface were studied by low - energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density - functional calculations.

Frontier electron density at the ether oxygen position and superdelocalizability at the ortho position show good parallelism with biological activity — that is, the stimulant activity of phenyl ether choline molecules.

The key lies not in individual reactions between neutrinos and electrons, but in the way the vast numbers of neutrinos affect wave - like fluctuations in the density of electrons in the plasma, known as «plasma waves».

The novel experimental approach and the concept of the study itself were conceived after one of the paper's authors, Harvard University theoretical physicist Subir Sachdev, pondered the differing electron density wave behavior along the different bonds of the CuO2 unit cell.

The rate of electrons passing through the tip - in other words, the current - is a measure of the density of electrons in the tiny region of the sample directly below it.

They then added a layer of graphene in order to apply an electric voltage with which the density of electrons in the material could be controlled.

But in the case of atmospheric pressure low - density plasma, due to the influences of changes in the atmospheric pressure in a plasma as well as around the plasma, it was difficult to accurately measure electron density.

The carbohydrate moiety associated with this residue, which is recognizable in the cryo - EM electron density, may function as an attachment site of the virus to host cells.

Electron density is one of the fundamental physics quantities, and to date various measurement methods have been used.

Further, by being able to precisely measure electron density, it will now be possible to clarify through computer simulation the important behaviors of active ion species that play important roles in their interaction with living organisms and materials hazardous to the environment.

«Unraveling the complex, intertwined electron phases in a superconductor: Scientists may have discovered a link between key components of the «electron density wave» state and the pseudogap phase in a high - temperature superconductor.»

On the other hand, in magnetic field confinement fusion plasma intended for a fusion reactor, which research is being conducted at the National Institute for Fusion Science, development of high precision electron density measurements is becoming an important research topic.

Last year, along with researchers led by Brookhaven / Columbia University School of Engineering physicist Simon Billinge, the team established the first firm link between the disappearance of the density wave within the pseudogap phase and the emergence, as stated by Davis, of «universally free - flowing electrons needed for unrestricted superconductivity» [see: https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=11637].

«This is the first time an experiment has directly linked the disappearance of the density waves and their associated nanoscale crystal distortions with the emergence of universally free - flowing electrons needed for unrestricted superconductivity,» said lead author J.C. Séamus Davis, a senior physicist and Director of DOE's Center for Emergent Superconductivity at Brookhaven Lab and also a professor at both Cornell University and the St. Andrews University in Scotland.

Solar activity usually tends to increase the rate of ionization in the atmosphere and thus the density of free electrons in the ionosphere or to move electrons to the polar caps.

It happens just south of an area with strong increases in electron density, called patches,» said Professor Per Høeg from DTU Space.

In particular, if the wire were cooled to very close to absolute zero, -273 °C, electrons would pack together so closely that if one electron moved it would reduce the density of electrons locally.

By appropriately decorating those graphene sheets with gold nanoparticles, the INRS - EMT team was able to increase significantly the density of electron - emitting sites, and thereby improve their FEE performance.

Researchers from The University of Manchester's Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics have developed and demonstrated a process for continuous electron density measurement of the previously under - explored D region of the ionosphere — a part of the atmosphere that previously could only be sensitively probed by short - lived rocket - borne instruments.

Further probing the effects of removing BAI1 via electron microscopy, Smith and his co-workers found that the post-synaptic density is thinner in mutant neurons.

The layer of ionic liquid allowed the researchers to inject the semiconductor with electrons at a density of a hundred trillion to a quadrillion per square centimeter.

Plasmonic interferometers make use of the interaction between light and surface plasmon polaritons, density waves created when light energy rattles free electrons in a metal.

As a result, we clarified that the influence of the ion mass appeared remarkably in a high - density plasma and that the detailed physical mechanism in which turbulence is suppressed through an effect caused by electron - ion collisions.

The relatively high density of plasma in the cloud prevents the formation of electromagnetic waves that would otherwise accelerate electrons to high speeds, turning them into a form of radiation.

In particular, photoelectron spectroscopy with extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation is a powerful method to probe the electron density in a valence shell of a molecular system.

As the electron density outside the quantum point contact is increased, the material becomes superconducting and the transmission of Cooper pairs — the particles that comprise a superconducting current — through the constriction was also studied in this work.

In the large negative hydrogen ion source at NIFS, various types of diagnostics are available for measuring negative hydrogen ion density, electron density, and other quantities.

«By modelling experimental synchrotron data and comparing it with density functional theory calculations, we revealed surprising information about the nature of the electron sharing between layers in these materials.»

The combination of the high electron density and potent electron interactions are not seen in other materials and the quantum regime enforced by the tight passageway, might here be engendering some new kind of electron transport.

Experimental devices have produced ion temperatures as high as 45,000 electron volts and densities of approximately 1020 particles per cubic meter, sufficient for fusion reactors.