The statement urges scientists who want to use genome editing in human embryos to «consider carefully the category
of embryo used.»
Depending on the kind
of embryo used — fresh or frozen — the timing of the transfer will differ.
The California IVF Fertility Center is pioneering what some refer to as the «Costco model» of babymaking, creating batches
of embryos using donor eggs and sperm that can be shared among several different families.
The purchase or sale of human eggs would be prohibited, and universities would have to report the number
of embryos they use.
In principle, young children or deceased persons could become parents
of embryos used in research.
Not exact matches
Earlier this summer, a team
of researchers announced they had successfully cut out defective genetic code in human
embryos using CRISPR.
The statement on Thursday comes amid a growing debate over the
use of powerful new gene editing tools in human eggs, sperm and
embryos, which have the power to change the DNA
of unborn children.
Earlier this year, Chinese scientists caused a controversy when they announced they'd
used the gene editing technique to tweak the genomes
of human
embryos.
The
embryos were chosen because they weren't able to survive, but some scientists have warned about the ethics and safety
of using this nascent technology in people.
Using the gene - editing tool CRISPR - Cas9 to turn off certain genes in a mouse zygote as well as other new techniques to enrich the pluripotent stem cells
of a rat, the group managed to grow various rat organs (a pancreas, heart, and eyes) in a mouse
embryo.
You may be (as I am) against destroying
embryos to
use for stem cell research, but I bet you are delighted for the couples who get to have children as a result
of in - vitro fertilization clinics.
Before you scream too loudly over this move by President Obama, keep in mind that the prohibition for
using federal funds under the executive order by President Bush did not stop the practice
of harvesting stem cells from unused
embryos in fertility clinics.
According to Science Daily, Dr. Nagy, senior investigator at the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute
of Mount Sinai Hospital, there is a «new method
of generating stem cells that does not require
embryos as starting points and could be
used to generate cells from many adult tissues such as a patient's own skin cells.»
If we are against the
use of stem cell research on the basis
of embryonic destruction, shouldn't we also be against in - vitro fertilization clinics because there are always excess
embryos that get discarded?
I am also aware, finally, that we might for now approve human cloning but only in restricted circumstances - as, for example, the cloning
of preimplantation
embryos (up to fourteen days) for experimental
use.
The Dickey - Wicker provision inhibits the
use of «specially created»
embryos for research.
A few weeks ago we all heard the announcement
of a major scientific breakthrough that allowed scientists to create the equivalent
of human embryonic stem cells (called induced pluripotent stem cells) but without
using or destroying
embryos.
It is about, for instance, the
use of fetuses and
embryos for medical experiments.
Back in February, Dr. Jeff Steinberg, director
of Fertility Institutes in Los Angeles, announced that he would help couples choose the eye, hair and skin colour
of their children
using genetic
embryo screening.
The difficulties associated with obtaining nerve tissue at the correct stage
of development and differentiation from aborted
embryos means that foetal tissue transplantation is no longer in favour, but the creation
of human
embryos specifically as sources
of stem cells, and the push to
use «spare»
embryos from IVF treatments is gatheringmomentum.
In the ancient debates, scientists and philosophers
used criteria such as reaction to stimuli, modes
of nutrition, and origin
of motion to determine when the
embryo receives a soul and can be considered a person.
Some feminists who have no problem with the creation or research
use of «excess» IVF
embryos adamantly oppose «therapeutic» cloning for ESCR.
After months
of discussion, the group drafted a call to ban all human cloning and to limit ESCR to the
use of the «excess»
embryos created in the process
of in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Unlike the controversial method
of tissue harvesting that requires some human
embryos to be destroyed, the new cloning technique can
use a patient's own skin cells — combined with an unfertilized human egg — to create tissue with a DNA match.
It is important to note that the lethal
use of the
embryo, for example, does not diminish its human status, according to Grobstein.
If ESCR
using «excess»
embryos from IVE» continues, the next step will likely be the pursuit
of such «therapeutic» cloning — the creation
of embryos through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to provide individually tailored stem cell therapies.
The renewal
of the world is the Christian hope, and even though, because
of our mortal limited lives, like Moses we do not live to witness the consummation, but see it only in
embryo, it is sufficient reward to have been
used by God in this mighty process
of the redemption
of the world from the evil, suffering and misery to which man himself has contributed.
ANT - OAR accomplishes this same goal, however, by
using an approach that does not involve the generation and destruction
of human
embryos.
A single - cell
embryo is «totipotent» (capable
of producing all the cells
of the body), and has full
use of all the genetic information required to produce all the cell types
of the developing body.
The ANT - OAR proposal represent a scientifically and morally sound means
of obtaining human pluripotent stem cells that does not compromise either the science or the deeply held moral convictions
of those who oppose the destructive
use of human
embryos for research» which is a creative approach that can be embraced by both the anything - goes camp and the nothing - goes.
To the extent that stem cell research relies on
embryos and aborted fetuses as an experimental source, it contributes to the rising sentiment that the death
of one may be
used for the convenience
of others.
The recently approved ballot measure in Michigan that approved the
use of government funds for
embryo - destructive research is a case in point.
This consensus holds that genetic - engineering tools... should not be
used to modify gametes or early
embryos and so manipulate the characteristics
of future children.»
Kass ably led the council members in a long debate on cloning, with the result that earlier this year they came out in opposition to human cloning but divided on the
use of cloned
embryos for research purposes.
A related area
of problems arises in connection with the probable increase
of organ transplants, the
use of artificial bodily parts, and the probability
of growing human
embryos in the laboratory.
A panel
of nineteen experts appointed by the National Institutes
of Health has recommended government funding for conceiving human
embryos in the laboratory for the sole purpose
of using them as materials for research.
His article is occasioned by the National Institutes
of Health proposal to fund producing human
embryos in the laboratory solely for the purpose
of research (see «The Inhuman
Use of Human Beings,» FT, January 1995).
Just before Thanksgiving, news broke about a new stem - cell technique that could produce the equivalent
of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but without
using or destroying human
embryos.
It is, though, a little hard to give cash value to this phrase when we are contemplating creating an
embryo,
using it for research purposes, and disposing
of it at or before fourteen days.
Similarly, IVF, at least as currently practiced, would appear to be morally objectionable regardless
of whether some
embryos produced by this procedure are
used in research.
One detects here a slight tone
of irritation with those who sought to find a tiny «escape clause» in DV through which destruction
of embryos or their
use in experiments might be permitted.
16 In DV, a strong plea is made for the rights
of the human
embryo; in DP this is strengthened and the language
used is more forceful.
Another major issue involves the
use of vaccines which may have their origins in material produced from
embryos.
Hundreds
of thousands
of «leftover»
embryos have been created through in - vitro fertilization, and will only be destroyed if not
used for research.
It also should relieve the worries
of the scholars involved with the journal Communio ¯ the
use of oocytes in epigenetic reprogramming was one
of the major reasons they feared the resulting cell was a disabled
embryo.
Of course, there is still a long way to go before this particular method will be tested on humans (it was tested on mice), and an even longer way to go before it'll be
used in medical therapies (if it ever will translate into therapies), but one thing is becoming clear: We need not compromise our moral principles and rush into government - funded
embryo - destructive research.
The pill
uses the body's negative feedback system to prevent ovulation and implantation
of an
embryo, in the same way the hormones provided by the placenta halt the female cycle during pregnancy.»
The recent news that the promise
of stem cell research can be pursued without
using human
embryos has permanently and dramatically changed the stem cell debate.
Experimental procedures can be licit if they «respect the life and integrity
of the
embryo and do not involve disproportionate risks for it, but rather are directed to its healing, the improvement
of its condition
of health, or its individual survival»; but the mere «
use of human
embryos or fetuses as an object
of experimentation» is «a crime against their dignity as human beings.»
On
embryo research we see a similar distinction between
use and misuse
of medical advances.