The human - specific gene ARHGAP11B is expressed only in the right half
of this embryonic mouse cerebral cortex.
They found that the combination of the transcription factors Brn3a plus Ngn1, or Brn3a plus Ngn2, reprogrammed a significant percentage
of the embryonic mouse fibroblasts into what looked — and acted — like mature DRG - type sensory neurons.
The current research team, which includes Dr. Minoda and Dr. Hiroki Takeda of Kumamoto University, and several researchers from Keio University, have successfully grafted human iPS - derived cells into the inner ear
of embryonic mice, a feat with a high level of technical difficulty.
Furthermore, transplantation into the inner ears
of embryonic mice was successful.
When the FGF8 gene was injected into or removed from the front part of the brains
of embryonic mice, structures toward the front became elongated or foreshortened, respectively.
Not exact matches
He wrote papers like «Cloning and characterization
of mouse brush border myosin - I in adult and
embryonic intestine.»
They confirmed these same opposite patterns
of SMA protein and SMN lnc - RNA in
embryonic mice too.
«Our research on
mice and rats shows that these chemicals affect the
embryonic development
of these animals.
Menke and postdoctoral researcher Carlos Infante examined patterns
of enhancer activity in
embryonic limbs and genitalia
of mice and limbed reptiles (anole lizards).
The ability
of SIF - seq to use reporter assays in
mouse embryonic stem cells to identify human
embryonic stem cell enhancers that are not present in the
mouse genome opens the door to intriguing research possibilities as Dickel explains.
The scientists rescued the microcephaly during
mouse embryonic development by removing a protein that caused the loss
of stem cells.
Repeated transfection
of two expression plasmids, one containing the complementary DNAs (cDNAs)
of Oct3 / 4, Sox2, and Klf4 and the other containing the c - Myc cDNA, into
mouse embryonic fibroblasts resulted in iPS cells without evidence
of plasmid integration, which produced teratomas when transplanted into
mice and contributed to adult chimeras.
The study results were found using
mouse embryonic stem cells, which are good cell models for the study
of processes seen in human stem cells.
Base oxidation regulates gene activity In cooperation with colleagues at LMU, as well as researchers based in Berlin, Basel and Utrecht, Carell and his group have now shown, for the first time, that a standard base other than cytosine is also modified in
embryonic stem cells
of mice.
For this study, Guttridge, first author David J. Wang, who developed many
of the study's concepts, and their colleagues monitored NF - kB activity during tumor development using
mouse embryonic fibroblasts and two
mouse models.
Scientists have known for 20 years that SMN is necessary in every cell
of the body, since disrupting the gene in a
mouse causes early
embryonic death, before muscle or nerve cells form.
So Harkany and his colleagues cultured
mouse embryonic brain cells that expressed cannabinoid receptor proteins (CBRs) and exposed them to gradients
of synthetic cannabinoids.
Here (from left to right), they're shown on the
embryonic skin
of a
mouse, a snake, a chicken and a Nile crocodile.
During
embryonic development
of mice, however, the situation is different: To build up the system, all mature blood and immune cells develop much more rapidly and almost completely from stem cells.
The only previous demonstration — by researchers led by Shou - Wei Ding, PhD, a professor
of Plant Pathology and Microbiology at UC Riverside and co-corresponding author
of the current study — was done in
embryonic stem cells and in newborn
mice.
In collaboration with Ding, the lab
of Olivier Voinnet at the Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology in Zurich also reported in an accompanying paper the detection
of viral siRNAs in cultured
mouse embryonic stem cells infected by the Encephalomyocarditis virus.
The research team used mass spectrometry to compare phosphorylation
of proteins from
mouse embryonic stem cells with fully functioning GSK - 3 to cells in which the gene encoding GSK - 3 had been deleted.
Mouse embryos: Scientists first found
embryonic stem cells in
mice in the 1970s, but an understanding
of the critical role they play in cell differentiation only emerged years later.
Now you know that if you take a
mouse embryonic stem cell that is, say, labeled so all
of the developed cells will be blue, and you inject it into a
mouse blastocyst, you'll get a chimera.
The paper doesn't include any genetic analysis
of the final eggs that confirms they are healthy, notes Mitinori Saitou, a stem cell biologist at Kyoto University in Japan whose team developed methods to create
mouse egg cells from
embryonic or reprogrammed stem cells.
Early in
embryonic development, both
mouse and human placentas rely on the same set
of ancient cell - growth genes.
Upon further investigation, the team found that Noxo1 is highly expressed in the
embryonic inner ear
of normal
mice, though its expression drops sharply after birth.
In the past few months, researchers in the United States and Japan have described a promising way
of deriving
embryonic stem cells from skin cells (
of mice) without destroying embryos — the «Holy Grail
of biotechnology,» as The Times
of London put it.
• A team led by Ron McKay at the National Institute
of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland, turned
mouse embryonic stem cells into isletlike cells, another step down the long road to a cure for diabetes.
One
of the greatest came in November 2007, when scientists in Japan and the United States reported that they could make adult skin cells from
mice revert to the
embryonic state.
Mouse embryonic stem cells, reported in 1981 by Martin Evans, Matthew Kaufman, and Gail Martin, have allowed scientists to generate genetically customized strains
of mice that have revolutionized studies
of organismic development and immunity and have provided countless models
of human disease.
A tooth grown from
embryonic cells has been successfully transplanted into the jaw
of a
mouse.
Wondering why the third protein, an enzyme called p66, was not, despite being very similar to the other two, Pelicci's team knocked out the piece
of the gene that enabled it to code for p66, in order to make
mice and
mouse embryonic cells that lacked p66.
«Observing the changes in the architecture
of islets during
embryonic development in
mice and in pseudoislets — a model we generated in our lab — was also very interesting.
The researchers confirmed Olig2's role in promoting motor neuron formation by increasing or blocking the function
of Olig2 in the spinal cords
of developing
mouse and chicken embryos, as well as during motor neuron formation in
mouse embryonic stem cells.
When he injected
mice with
embryonic stem cells genetically identical to the
mice's own tissues, the new cells thrived, growing into a large clump
of adult tissues.
Manuel Eguren has analysed the biological consequences
of Cdh1 elimination in rapidly dividing cells, as part
of his doctoral research project in Malumbres's group; he focused on progenitors from the nervous system during
embryonic development in
mice.
«Fear was three times less likely to return in
mice that had received a transplant
of embryonic neurons»
All
of the
mice produced normal amounts
of SOX2 during development, when the transcription factor plays a critical role in the genesis
of embryonic and neural stem cells.
Mitchell and her colleagues eliminated this possibility when they deleted these nearby regions in the genome
of mice and found there was no impact on the gene's ability to be turned on in
embryonic stem cells.
After analysing the presence
of NANOG in different
mouse tissues by immunohistochemistry, the CNIO team demonstrated that, in addition to being present in
embryonic tissue, this factor is also found in stratified epithelia such as the esophagus, skin or vagina.
These are images
of mouse embryonic stem cells which grow in a round colony
of cells (A) and express Sox2 (B), shown in red.
«We studied how the Sox2 gene is turned on in
mice, and found the region
of the genome that is needed to turn the gene on in
embryonic stem cells,» said Professor Jennifer Mitchell
of U
of T's Department
of Cell and Systems Biology, lead invesigator
of a study published in the December 15 issue
of Genes & Development.
Other
mice had implants
of dead
embryonic brain cells for comparison.
Yong - Chun Yu at Fudan University in Shanghai, China, and his team wondered if fearful adult
mice could be helped by a transplant
of embryonic brain cells.
Confocal microscopy image showing a spinal cord section
of a
mouse embryo (
embryonic day 11.5).
Similar SH3 binding motifs exist in the formins, proteins that function in pattern formation in
embryonic limbs
of the
mouse, and one subtype
of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
McKay announced that he had mitigated the symptoms
of Parkinson's in rats by using
mouse embryonic stem cells that he had turned into dopamine - producing brain cells.
Three teams
of scientists reported earlier this year that they had directly reprogrammed adult
mouse skin cells into
embryonic cells, although the process involved viruses and cancer - causing genes.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells, harvested from three - and - a-half-day-old
mouse embryos or five - and - a-half-day-old human embryos, are referred to as pluripotent because they can become any
of the thousands
of cell types in the body.