Sentences with phrase «of emissions trading systems»

Wuppertal (2004), The Introduction of Emissions Trading Systems as a Socio - Ecological Transformation Process, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy.

In addition we examine how linking affects the structure of emissions trading systems and decision - making.

The Commission sees the EU ETS as an important building block for the development of a global network of emission trading systems.

Japan's draft plan does refer to the possible use of an emissions trading system in the future.

Dr Gerrit van der LIngen explains why emissions of methane from cattle and sheep should not be part of any emissions trading system in New Zealand.

There's nothing very romantic about EU climate policy — even if some environmental groups trailed the European Parliament's vote on the reform of the emissions trading system (EU ETS) as an occasion for «climate love».

Not exact matches

This will be accomplished through a combination of a «cap and trade» carbon pricing system, mandatory vehicle emission standards, and investing in renewable energy production and consumption.

Along with most people who recognise the reality of climate change, I do not doubt that markets and private property rights have, or can have, an important role to play in handling the problem, e.g., through suitably designed emissions trading systems and the like.

Only the EU Emissions Trading System and the carbon price floor were opposed by a clear majority of voters from across the political spectrum, though even then it is highly doubtful that very much political capital can be gained by abolishing measures equivalent to an annual average cost of # 13 per household, (see pie chart graph).

The order gives the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency the authority to repeal and replace the Clean Power Plan, the set of rules that established goals for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from fossil - fueled electricity plants through a national trading system.

In «Let them eat carbon» Sinclair reveals the financial implications of regulations such as the Renewables Obligation and the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).

The groups support using 5 percent of valuable greenhouse gas emission allowances under the bill's cap - and - trade system to prevent tropical deforestation and reduce international forest emissions.

While still not included in the upcoming system, hundreds of facilities in Guangdong and Shanghai are being required to monitor and report their emissions, a move designed to prepare them for serious trading.

The first carbon market was the European Union's Emissions Trading System (ETS), set up as a result of the Kyoto protocol.

It includes a nationwide cap - and - trade system to cut greenhouse gas emissions, along with a renewable power mandate and a suite of other energy measures.

China could both benefit from the lessons of earlier efforts, such as Europe's flagship carbon market — the world's largest, known as the European Union Emissions Trading System, or ETS.

While a bill to actually implement a cap - and - trade system eluded state lawmakers in the legislative session that ended in March, they did direct the state Department of Environmental Quality to study «a market - based approach to controlling greenhouse gas emissions.»

Under a cap - and - trade system to reduce emissions, like the one in California and Quebec, the cost of methane leaks can add up.

British Columbia and Alberta have already introduced modest carbon taxes; Ontario and Quebec have embryonic cap - and - trade systems that allow polluters to buy and sell a limited number of emissions permits.

Moreover, if the cap - and - trade system is bringing in revenue, that means by definition that there has to be a significant initial auctioning off of the emissions permits.

It gained urgency after the failure of the 2009 legislation known as the Waxman - Markey bill, which was aimed at setting up an emissions trading system in the United States.

«It'd be about four times larger in terms of the amount of CO2 emissions from the facilities that are [currently] covered, and it'd be by far the largest cap - and - trade system in the world,» said Larry Goulder, an economist at Stanford University who has organized meetings of carbon market architects in both China and California.

A strong energy package approved last year by a key Senate panel is seen as a sweetener for passing a much more controversial cap - and - trade system to regulate the emissions of greenhouse gases.

For now, the European emissions trading system has emerged as the core of a nascent global market because it features the strongest institutions and exchanges the greatest volume of credits.

At a summer 2006 hearing of the U.S. Senate to discuss the design of a potential emissions trading system, several American utilities urged that auctions, if used at all, should be limited to just five to 15 percent of total permits.

That legislation, which Klein calls «the granddaddy of all emissions trading markets,» created a cap - and - trade system for utilities to reduce the sulfur - based pollutants that cause acid rain.

If the U.S. establishes a federal trading system in response, the scale of U.S. emissions trading could supplant the dominance of the E.U. in the budding global carbon market.

Taxes give clear, long - term price signals that make it easier for firms to make intelligent investments that will cut carbon emissions, whereas the price volatility of cap - and - trade systems impedes wise planning.

The party opposes «any and all cap and trade legislation» that would create a system of tradable pollution permits designed to reduce industrial emissions of warming gases such as carbon dioxide.

A truly strict global system, involving the majority of countries and imposing a tight cap on total emissions, would cut emissions more than the European trading scheme.

Introduction The Climate Action Regulation (CAR), also known as the Effort Sharing Regulation, is Europe's tool to reduce the climate impact of sectors not covered by the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).

Executive summary In autumn 2017, the EU Member States and the European Parliament agreed on the revision of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), setting out the scheme's rules for the 2021 - 2030 period.

Almost two decades later, in 2016, following the landmark Paris Agreement and the inclusion of aviation in the EU's emissions trading system, ICAO adopted the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation, or CORSIA.

Options Seats 6 - Way Power Driver Seat, Cloth 402040 Front Seat, Split Folding Rear Seat, Front Center Arm rest WStorage, Premium Cloth Seat Upholstery, Fold - Up Cushion Rear Seats Doors Chrome Door Handles WBlack Bezels, Power Door Mirrors, Driver Door Bin, Passenger Door Bin, Digital Keypad Power locking doors Wheels 4 - Wheel Disc Brakes, Low Tire Pressure Warning, seventeen Machined - Aluminum WPainted Accents Wheels, 4 - Wheel Anti-lock braking system Brakes, Wheel Diameter: 17, Wheel Width: 7.5, Tire Inflation monitoring system, Steel Spare Wheel Rim, Spare Tire Mount Location: Underbody WCrankdown Mirrors Max Trailer Tow Pkg - ManualPower Mirror, Heated Power Side Mirrors, Power Glass Heated Side Mirrors, Driver Vanity Mirror, Passenger Vanity Mirror, Self - Dimming Rear - View Mirror, Power Remote Driver Mirror Adjustment, Power Remote Passenger Mirror Adjustment, Dual Vanity Mirrors Air A-c, Manual Front Air conditioner Trim Urethane Shift Knob Trim, Metal - Look Dash Trim Steering Powered steering, Steering Wheel Mounted Audio Controls, Speed - Sensing Steering, Leather - Wrapped Steering Wheel, Tilting steering, Cruise Controls On Steering Wheel, Urethane Steering Wheel Trim, Audio Controls On Steering Wheel, Tilt - Adjustable Steering Wheel, Speed - Proportional Electric Powered steering Entertainment four Speakers, Am fm radio, Compact disc player, Mp3 Decoder, Radio: AmFm StereoClockSingle - Cd, UsbHands FreeBluetooth, Sony Audio System, Wireless Phone Connectivity, Digital Audio Input, In - Dash Single Compact disc player, Mp3 Player, AmFmSatellite - Prep Radio, Radio Data System, Speed Sensitive Audio Volume Control, Total Number Of Speakers: 4, Clock: In - Radio Display Fuel Fuel Type: Regular Unleaded, Fuel Capacity: 26.0 Gal., Instrumentation: Low Fuel Level Dimensions Max Cargo Capacity: 41 Cu.Ft., Overall Width: 79.2, Front Headroom: 41.0, Rear Headroom: 39.6, Front Leg Room: 41.4, Rear Leg Room: 33.4, Front Shoulder Room: 65.9 Lamps Delay - Off Headlamps, Front Fog Lamps, Fully Auto - on headlamps, Front FogDriving Lamps, Front Reading lights, Remote Activated Exterior Entry Lamps, Headlamps Off Auto Delay, Dusk Sensing Headlamps Air bags Dual Front Impact Air bags, Dual Front Side Impact Air bags, Occupant Sensing Air bag, Overhead Air bag, first And second Row Curtain Head Air bags, Passenger airbag, Side Air bag Suspension Front Wheel Independent Suspension, Suspension Class: Regular, Independent Front Suspension Classification, Double Wishbone Front Suspension, Front Independent Suspension, Rigid Axle Rear Suspension, Leaf Rear Suspension, Front Suspension Stabilizer Bar Features Equipment Group 301A Mid, Trailer Tow Package, Xlt Chrome Package, Xlt Convenience Package, Sync Myford, Aux Transmission Oil Cooler, Remote Keyless entry, Traction Control, Anti lock brakes Brakes, Front Anti-Roll Bar, Electronic Stability Control, Panic Alarm, Security alarm, Speed Control, Upgraded Radiator, five Chrome Running Boards, Bumpers: Chrome, Chrome Exhaust Tip, Rear Step Bumper, Selectshift Automatic Transmission, 4.2 Lcd Productivity Screen In Instrument Cluster, Lighted Entry, Outside Temperature Display, Overhead Console, Power Adjustable Pedals, Variably Intermittent windshield wipers, Limited Slip W3.73 Axle Ratio, Clean Carfax, Non-Smoker, Local Trade, Meticulous Maintenance history, Service Records Available, Rearview Camera, Active Factory Warranty, Low Mileage, Remote, Electric windows, Cruise Control, Front Ventilated Disc Brakes, Sync, Antilocking brakes And Driveline Traction Control, Stability Control With Anti-Roll Control, Privacy Glass: Deep, Machined Aluminum Rims, External Temperature Display, Tachometer, Auxilliary Transmission Cooler, Compass, Security Alarm System, Front Split - Bench, Split Rear Bench, Vehicle Emissions: Federal, Coil Front Spring, Regular Front Stabilizer Bar, Leaf Rear Spring, Variable Intermittent Front Wipers, Chrome Grille, Overhead Console: Full With Ssystem Brakes, Wheel Diameter: 17, Wheel Width: 7.5, Tire Inflation monitoring system, Steel Spare Wheel Rim, Spare Tire Mount Location: Underbody WCrankdown Mirrors Max Trailer Tow Pkg - ManualPower Mirror, Heated Power Side Mirrors, Power Glass Heated Side Mirrors, Driver Vanity Mirror, Passenger Vanity Mirror, Self - Dimming Rear - View Mirror, Power Remote Driver Mirror Adjustment, Power Remote Passenger Mirror Adjustment, Dual Vanity Mirrors Air A-c, Manual Front Air conditioner Trim Urethane Shift Knob Trim, Metal - Look Dash Trim Steering Powered steering, Steering Wheel Mounted Audio Controls, Speed - Sensing Steering, Leather - Wrapped Steering Wheel, Tilting steering, Cruise Controls On Steering Wheel, Urethane Steering Wheel Trim, Audio Controls On Steering Wheel, Tilt - Adjustable Steering Wheel, Speed - Proportional Electric Powered steering Entertainment four Speakers, Am fm radio, Compact disc player, Mp3 Decoder, Radio: AmFm StereoClockSingle - Cd, UsbHands FreeBluetooth, Sony Audio System, Wireless Phone Connectivity, Digital Audio Input, In - Dash Single Compact disc player, Mp3 Player, AmFmSatellite - Prep Radio, Radio Data System, Speed Sensitive Audio Volume Control, Total Number Of Speakers: 4, Clock: In - Radio Display Fuel Fuel Type: Regular Unleaded, Fuel Capacity: 26.0 Gal., Instrumentation: Low Fuel Level Dimensions Max Cargo Capacity: 41 Cu.Ft., Overall Width: 79.2, Front Headroom: 41.0, Rear Headroom: 39.6, Front Leg Room: 41.4, Rear Leg Room: 33.4, Front Shoulder Room: 65.9 Lamps Delay - Off Headlamps, Front Fog Lamps, Fully Auto - on headlamps, Front FogDriving Lamps, Front Reading lights, Remote Activated Exterior Entry Lamps, Headlamps Off Auto Delay, Dusk Sensing Headlamps Air bags Dual Front Impact Air bags, Dual Front Side Impact Air bags, Occupant Sensing Air bag, Overhead Air bag, first And second Row Curtain Head Air bags, Passenger airbag, Side Air bag Suspension Front Wheel Independent Suspension, Suspension Class: Regular, Independent Front Suspension Classification, Double Wishbone Front Suspension, Front Independent Suspension, Rigid Axle Rear Suspension, Leaf Rear Suspension, Front Suspension Stabilizer Bar Features Equipment Group 301A Mid, Trailer Tow Package, Xlt Chrome Package, Xlt Convenience Package, Sync Myford, Aux Transmission Oil Cooler, Remote Keyless entry, Traction Control, Anti lock brakes Brakes, Front Anti-Roll Bar, Electronic Stability Control, Panic Alarm, Security alarm, Speed Control, Upgraded Radiator, five Chrome Running Boards, Bumpers: Chrome, Chrome Exhaust Tip, Rear Step Bumper, Selectshift Automatic Transmission, 4.2 Lcd Productivity Screen In Instrument Cluster, Lighted Entry, Outside Temperature Display, Overhead Console, Power Adjustable Pedals, Variably Intermittent windshield wipers, Limited Slip W3.73 Axle Ratio, Clean Carfax, Non-Smoker, Local Trade, Meticulous Maintenance history, Service Records Available, Rearview Camera, Active Factory Warranty, Low Mileage, Remote, Electric windows, Cruise Control, Front Ventilated Disc Brakes, Sync, Antilocking brakes And Driveline Traction Control, Stability Control With Anti-Roll Control, Privacy Glass: Deep, Machined Aluminum Rims, External Temperature Display, Tachometer, Auxilliary Transmission Cooler, Compass, Security Alarm System, Front Split - Bench, Split Rear Bench, Vehicle Emissions: Federal, Coil Front Spring, Regular Front Stabilizer Bar, Leaf Rear Spring, Variable Intermittent Front Wipers, Chrome Grille, Overhead Console: Full With Ssystem, Steel Spare Wheel Rim, Spare Tire Mount Location: Underbody WCrankdown Mirrors Max Trailer Tow Pkg - ManualPower Mirror, Heated Power Side Mirrors, Power Glass Heated Side Mirrors, Driver Vanity Mirror, Passenger Vanity Mirror, Self - Dimming Rear - View Mirror, Power Remote Driver Mirror Adjustment, Power Remote Passenger Mirror Adjustment, Dual Vanity Mirrors Air A-c, Manual Front Air conditioner Trim Urethane Shift Knob Trim, Metal - Look Dash Trim Steering Powered steering, Steering Wheel Mounted Audio Controls, Speed - Sensing Steering, Leather - Wrapped Steering Wheel, Tilting steering, Cruise Controls On Steering Wheel, Urethane Steering Wheel Trim, Audio Controls On Steering Wheel, Tilt - Adjustable Steering Wheel, Speed - Proportional Electric Powered steering Entertainment four Speakers, Am fm radio, Compact disc player, Mp3 Decoder, Radio: AmFm StereoClockSingle - Cd, UsbHands FreeBluetooth, Sony Audio System, Wireless Phone Connectivity, Digital Audio Input, In - Dash Single Compact disc player, Mp3 Player, AmFmSatellite - Prep Radio, Radio Data System, Speed Sensitive Audio Volume Control, Total Number Of Speakers: 4, Clock: In - Radio Display Fuel Fuel Type: Regular Unleaded, Fuel Capacity: 26.0 Gal., Instrumentation: Low Fuel Level Dimensions Max Cargo Capacity: 41 Cu.Ft., Overall Width: 79.2, Front Headroom: 41.0, Rear Headroom: 39.6, Front Leg Room: 41.4, Rear Leg Room: 33.4, Front Shoulder Room: 65.9 Lamps Delay - Off Headlamps, Front Fog Lamps, Fully Auto - on headlamps, Front FogDriving Lamps, Front Reading lights, Remote Activated Exterior Entry Lamps, Headlamps Off Auto Delay, Dusk Sensing Headlamps Air bags Dual Front Impact Air bags, Dual Front Side Impact Air bags, Occupant Sensing Air bag, Overhead Air bag, first And second Row Curtain Head Air bags, Passenger airbag, Side Air bag Suspension Front Wheel Independent Suspension, Suspension Class: Regular, Independent Front Suspension Classification, Double Wishbone Front Suspension, Front Independent Suspension, Rigid Axle Rear Suspension, Leaf Rear Suspension, Front Suspension Stabilizer Bar Features Equipment Group 301A Mid, Trailer Tow Package, Xlt Chrome Package, Xlt Convenience Package, Sync Myford, Aux Transmission Oil Cooler, Remote Keyless entry, Traction Control, Anti lock brakes Brakes, Front Anti-Roll Bar, Electronic Stability Control, Panic Alarm, Security alarm, Speed Control, Upgraded Radiator, five Chrome Running Boards, Bumpers: Chrome, Chrome Exhaust Tip, Rear Step Bumper, Selectshift Automatic Transmission, 4.2 Lcd Productivity Screen In Instrument Cluster, Lighted Entry, Outside Temperature Display, Overhead Console, Power Adjustable Pedals, Variably Intermittent windshield wipers, Limited Slip W3.73 Axle Ratio, Clean Carfax, Non-Smoker, Local Trade, Meticulous Maintenance history, Service Records Available, Rearview Camera, Active Factory Warranty, Low Mileage, Remote, Electric windows, Cruise Control, Front Ventilated Disc Brakes, Sync, Antilocking brakes And Driveline Traction Control, Stability Control With Anti-Roll Control, Privacy Glass: Deep, Machined Aluminum Rims, External Temperature Display, Tachometer, Auxilliary Transmission Cooler, Compass, Security Alarm System, Front Split - Bench, Split Rear Bench, Vehicle Emissions: Federal, Coil Front Spring, Regular Front Stabilizer Bar, Leaf Rear Spring, Variable Intermittent Front Wipers, Chrome Grille, Overhead Console: Full With SSystem, Wireless Phone Connectivity, Digital Audio Input, In - Dash Single Compact disc player, Mp3 Player, AmFmSatellite - Prep Radio, Radio Data System, Speed Sensitive Audio Volume Control, Total Number Of Speakers: 4, Clock: In - Radio Display Fuel Fuel Type: Regular Unleaded, Fuel Capacity: 26.0 Gal., Instrumentation: Low Fuel Level Dimensions Max Cargo Capacity: 41 Cu.Ft., Overall Width: 79.2, Front Headroom: 41.0, Rear Headroom: 39.6, Front Leg Room: 41.4, Rear Leg Room: 33.4, Front Shoulder Room: 65.9 Lamps Delay - Off Headlamps, Front Fog Lamps, Fully Auto - on headlamps, Front FogDriving Lamps, Front Reading lights, Remote Activated Exterior Entry Lamps, Headlamps Off Auto Delay, Dusk Sensing Headlamps Air bags Dual Front Impact Air bags, Dual Front Side Impact Air bags, Occupant Sensing Air bag, Overhead Air bag, first And second Row Curtain Head Air bags, Passenger airbag, Side Air bag Suspension Front Wheel Independent Suspension, Suspension Class: Regular, Independent Front Suspension Classification, Double Wishbone Front Suspension, Front Independent Suspension, Rigid Axle Rear Suspension, Leaf Rear Suspension, Front Suspension Stabilizer Bar Features Equipment Group 301A Mid, Trailer Tow Package, Xlt Chrome Package, Xlt Convenience Package, Sync Myford, Aux Transmission Oil Cooler, Remote Keyless entry, Traction Control, Anti lock brakes Brakes, Front Anti-Roll Bar, Electronic Stability Control, Panic Alarm, Security alarm, Speed Control, Upgraded Radiator, five Chrome Running Boards, Bumpers: Chrome, Chrome Exhaust Tip, Rear Step Bumper, Selectshift Automatic Transmission, 4.2 Lcd Productivity Screen In Instrument Cluster, Lighted Entry, Outside Temperature Display, Overhead Console, Power Adjustable Pedals, Variably Intermittent windshield wipers, Limited Slip W3.73 Axle Ratio, Clean Carfax, Non-Smoker, Local Trade, Meticulous Maintenance history, Service Records Available, Rearview Camera, Active Factory Warranty, Low Mileage, Remote, Electric windows, Cruise Control, Front Ventilated Disc Brakes, Sync, Antilocking brakes And Driveline Traction Control, Stability Control With Anti-Roll Control, Privacy Glass: Deep, Machined Aluminum Rims, External Temperature Display, Tachometer, Auxilliary Transmission Cooler, Compass, Security Alarm System, Front Split - Bench, Split Rear Bench, Vehicle Emissions: Federal, Coil Front Spring, Regular Front Stabilizer Bar, Leaf Rear Spring, Variable Intermittent Front Wipers, Chrome Grille, Overhead Console: Full With SSystem, Speed Sensitive Audio Volume Control, Total Number Of Speakers: 4, Clock: In - Radio Display Fuel Fuel Type: Regular Unleaded, Fuel Capacity: 26.0 Gal., Instrumentation: Low Fuel Level Dimensions Max Cargo Capacity: 41 Cu.Ft., Overall Width: 79.2, Front Headroom: 41.0, Rear Headroom: 39.6, Front Leg Room: 41.4, Rear Leg Room: 33.4, Front Shoulder Room: 65.9 Lamps Delay - Off Headlamps, Front Fog Lamps, Fully Auto - on headlamps, Front FogDriving Lamps, Front Reading lights, Remote Activated Exterior Entry Lamps, Headlamps Off Auto Delay, Dusk Sensing Headlamps Air bags Dual Front Impact Air bags, Dual Front Side Impact Air bags, Occupant Sensing Air bag, Overhead Air bag, first And second Row Curtain Head Air bags, Passenger airbag, Side Air bag Suspension Front Wheel Independent Suspension, Suspension Class: Regular, Independent Front Suspension Classification, Double Wishbone Front Suspension, Front Independent Suspension, Rigid Axle Rear Suspension, Leaf Rear Suspension, Front Suspension Stabilizer Bar Features Equipment Group 301A Mid, Trailer Tow Package, Xlt Chrome Package, Xlt Convenience Package, Sync Myford, Aux Transmission Oil Cooler, Remote Keyless entry, Traction Control, Anti lock brakes Brakes, Front Anti-Roll Bar, Electronic Stability Control, Panic Alarm, Security alarm, Speed Control, Upgraded Radiator, five Chrome Running Boards, Bumpers: Chrome, Chrome Exhaust Tip, Rear Step Bumper, Selectshift Automatic Transmission, 4.2 Lcd Productivity Screen In Instrument Cluster, Lighted Entry, Outside Temperature Display, Overhead Console, Power Adjustable Pedals, Variably Intermittent windshield wipers, Limited Slip W3.73 Axle Ratio, Clean Carfax, Non-Smoker, Local Trade, Meticulous Maintenance history, Service Records Available, Rearview Camera, Active Factory Warranty, Low Mileage, Remote, Electric windows, Cruise Control, Front Ventilated Disc Brakes, Sync, Antilocking brakes And Driveline Traction Control, Stability Control With Anti-Roll Control, Privacy Glass: Deep, Machined Aluminum Rims, External Temperature Display, Tachometer, Auxilliary Transmission Cooler, Compass, Security Alarm System, Front Split - Bench, Split Rear Bench, Vehicle Emissions: Federal, Coil Front Spring, Regular Front Stabilizer Bar, Leaf Rear Spring, Variable Intermittent Front Wipers, Chrome Grille, Overhead Console: Full With SSystem, Front Split - Bench, Split Rear Bench, Vehicle Emissions: Federal, Coil Front Spring, Regular Front Stabilizer Bar, Leaf Rear Spring, Variable Intermittent Front Wipers, Chrome Grille, Overhead Console: Full With Storage

Sunroof, Heated Leather Seats, iPod / MP3 Input, Alloy Wheels, Premium Sound System, Local Trade, Fully Detailed and Inspected, explains The Accord is big on efficiency, getting the most power and range from a gallon of gas with the least emissions..

CAP AND TRADE: Proceeds from the cap - and - trade system — which is designed to reduce Ontario's greenhouse gas emissions — are projected to be $ 1.9 billion in 2017 — up from last year's projection of $ 1.3 billion — and will be used to invest in green projects and climate change initiatTRADE: Proceeds from the cap - and - trade system — which is designed to reduce Ontario's greenhouse gas emissions — are projected to be $ 1.9 billion in 2017 — up from last year's projection of $ 1.3 billion — and will be used to invest in green projects and climate change initiattrade system — which is designed to reduce Ontario's greenhouse gas emissions — are projected to be $ 1.9 billion in 2017 — up from last year's projection of $ 1.3 billion — and will be used to invest in green projects and climate change initiatives.

From Barack Obama's website: Obama supports implementation of a market - based cap - and - trade system to reduce carbon emissions by the amount scientists say is necessary: 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.

The «Price» part is a price schedule for CO2 emissions, either explicitly through a tax schedule or implicitly through the cap schedule of a cap and trade system.

They argued that the trading system provides far too much leeway for dealing in «offsets,» credits earned by avoiding or preventing emissions of carbon dioxide.

To dramatically reduce carbon emissions, I will institute a new cap - and - trade system that over time will change the dynamic of our energy economy.

If Congress acts right away to pass President Obama's Recovery package and then takes decisive action this year to institute a cap - and - trade system for CO2 emissions — as many of our states and many other countries have already done — the United States will regain its credibility and enter the Copenhagen treaty talks with a renewed authority to lead the world in shaping a fair and effective treaty.

The Kyoto Protocol, added in 1997, created a cap - and - trading system for emissions, but hasn't blunted the rising tide of greenhouse gases.

That's the optimistic opinion put forth by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi — she issued that statement as Congress set about the «mother of all climate weeks» to debate revolutionary climate and energy legislation that could potentially land the US a cap and trade system to cut nationwide carbon emissions.

Gates hammered on points reported here for many years: that without a big, and sustained, boost in spending on basic research and development on energy frontiers, the chances of triggering an energy revolution are nil; that while the private sector and venture capital investors are vital for transforming breakthroughs into marketable products or services, they will not invest in the long - haul inquiry that's required to generate game - changing breakthroughs; that a 1 or 2 percent tax on carbon - emitting fuels could generate a large, steady stream of money for invigorating the innovation pipeline; that a declining emissions cap and credit trading system --- if it could survive America's polarized politics --- would have to raise energy costs far beyond what would be politically tenable to generate a similar scale of transformational activity.

The end came with the failure of a seven - year effort in the Senate to pass a climate bill centered on a cap - and - trade system for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases.

Ezra Klein of the Washington Post interviewed one of the group's co-founders, Michael Shellenberger, on why a cap - and - and - trade system for emissions curbs was the wrong fit for the carbon problem.

[ANDY REVKIN notes: I also encourage you, if you haven't seen it already, to read today's report by James Kanter and Jad Mouawad showing deep flaws in Europe's system for capping (and trading) emissions of greenhouse gases.

It seems prudent to move toward slowing the growth of greenhouse emissions, though a carbon tax, as professor Yohe suggested, would be preferable to any kind of cap - and - trade or cap - and - dividend system.

My point is this: In my view, the Times should find out, and convey to the public (in one place and in organized fashion), the views of each and every Congressperson, and person running for Congress, regarding a moratorium on coal - fired power plants (until their carbon dioxide emissions can be eliminated), a carbon «cap - and - auction» or «cap - and - trade» system, or carbon tax, and related matters having to do with global warming.

The free world might even, heaven forbid, reverse the current, rather unthinking, trend towards global free trade and institute a system of climate - based protectionism, to give force to our requirements that the entire globe reduce emissions.