Multidimensional assessment
of emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents using the difficulties in emotion regulation scale.
The role of parenting behaviors in the development and maintenance
of emotion regulation difficulties and comorbid disorders among children with ADHD is explored.
Not exact matches
Indeed, many consider the development
of emotional self -
regulation in particular to be one
of the key processes in childhood behaviour problems.27, 28,29,30 For example, in characterizing the behaviour
of children with early externalizing behaviour problems, there is often reference to a lack
of control, under - control, or poor
regulation.29, 30 In characterizing the behaviour
of children with internalizing disorders, there is often a discussion
of over - control.12 Understanding the role
of temperament in child development may be facilitated by examining the possible mediational effects
of emerging self and
emotion regulation, and may provide a more proximal mechanism for the development
of different forms
of behavioural adjustment
difficulties characteristic
of childhood.
«Mindfulness training has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for a range
of psychological problems, such as depressive relapse, anxiety and
emotion -
regulation difficulties.
Leah uses evidence - based, systemic models to help clients achieve growth and change with a variety
of issues, including communication
difficulties, relationship conflict, adjustment around life transitions, anxiety, depression, trauma, establishing and maintaining boundaries, and
emotion regulation.
Specific beliefs about
emotions (Uncontrollable, Irrational, Damaging and Contagious - BAEQ scales) and
difficulties in
emotion regulation (DERS subscales) were positively correlated, except for the absence
of correlation with BAEQ 3 and 4 (Invalid and Useless subscales)(see Table 2 (a)-RRB-.
The fear
of emotions (ACS scores) was correlated with both the
difficulties in
emotion -
regulation (DERS) and the considered
emotion -
regulation strategies (see Table 2 (b)-RRB-.
Children
of mothers who are overprotective, overcritical or use harsh discipline tend to have poor
emotion regulation skills and are more susceptible to emotional health
difficulties.
Consistently with this assumption, a sub-scale
of DERS considers the tendency to have a negative secondary or non-accepting reaction to one's own distress (i.e. beliefs that
emotions are shameful) as a specific
difficulty in the
emotion regulation process.
Means and standard deviations for the current level
of beliefs about
emotions,
difficulties in
emotion -
regulation, and
emotion -
regulation strategies
of the sample.
AAI, Adult Attachment Interview; AFFEX, System for Identifying Affect Expression by Holistic Judgement; AIM, Affect Intensity Measure; AMBIANCE, Atypical Maternal Behaviour Instrument for Assessment and Classification; ASCT, Attachment Story Completion Task; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BEST, Borderline Evaluation
of Severity over Time; BPD, borderline personality disorder; BPVS - II, British Picture Vocabulary Scale II; CASQ, Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire; CBCL, Child Behaviour Checklist; CDAS - R, Children's Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale - Revised; CDEQ, Children's Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; CDIB, Child Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines; CGAS, Child Global Assessment Schedule; CRSQ, Children's Response Style Questionnaire; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; DASS, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales; DERS,
Difficulties in
Emotion Regulation Scale; DIB - R, Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders; EA, Emotional Availability Scales; ECRS, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale; EMBU, Swedish acronym for Own Memories Concerning Upbringing; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; FES, Family Environment Scale; FSS, Family Satisfaction Scale; FTRI, Family Trauma and Resilience Interview; IBQ - R, Infant Behaviour Questionnaire, Revised; IPPA, Inventory
of Parent and Peer Attachment; K - SADS, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School - Age Children; KSADS - E, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Episodic Version; MMD, major depressive disorder; PACOTIS, Parental Cognitions and Conduct Toward the Infant Scale; PPQ, Perceived Parenting Quality Questionnaire; PD, personality disorder; PPVT - III, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition; PSI - SF, Parenting Stress Index Short Form; RSSC, Reassurance - Seeking Scale for Children; SCID - II, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM - IV; SCL -90-R, Symptom Checklist 90 Revised; SCQ, Social Communication Questionnaire; SEQ, Children's Self - Esteem Questionnaire; SIDP - IV, Structured Interview for DSM - IV Personality; SPPA, Self - Perception Profile for Adolescents; SSAGA, Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics
of Alcoholism; TCI, Temperament and Character Inventory; YCS, Youth Chronic Stress Interview; YSR, Youth Self - Report.
«My professional experience includes therapy with children, adolescents, individuals, couples and families who have sought help with a variety
of issues including depression, anxiety, traumatic experiences, behavioral issues, eating disorders,
difficulty with
emotion regulation and emotional expression, social deficits, issues related to educational or occupational functioning, relationship issues and
difficulty communicating.»
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) affects around 0.7 — 1 %
of the British population.1 Although there is much controversy over its definition and diagnosis, it is generally agreed to be characterised by
difficulties in
emotion regulation, and interpersonal relationships.
The infant clearly can not state whether he or she experiences symptoms such as a «lack
of comfort seeking for distress,» «
emotion regulation difficulties,» or» a willingness to go off with relative strangers,» to name a few.
The criteria for inhibited RAD were: (a) absence
of a discriminated, preferred adult, (b) lack
of comfort seeking for distress, (c) failure to respond to comfort when offered, (d) lack
of social and emotional reciprocity, and (f)
emotion regulation difficulties.
Lowered activity in these areas have been associated with states
of detachment (e.g., numbing), reduced emotional awareness, traits
of alexithymia (
difficulties in identifying and describing feelings), and reduced
emotion regulation.
Indeed, many consider the development
of emotional self -
regulation in particular to be one
of the key processes in childhood behaviour problems.27, 28,29,30 For example, in characterizing the behaviour
of children with early externalizing behaviour problems, there is often reference to a lack
of control, under - control, or poor
regulation.29, 30 In characterizing the behaviour
of children with internalizing disorders, there is often a discussion
of over - control.12 Understanding the role
of temperament in child development may be facilitated by examining the possible mediational effects
of emerging self and
emotion regulation, and may provide a more proximal mechanism for the development
of different forms
of behavioural adjustment
difficulties characteristic
of childhood.
Although a relation between anxiety disorders and
emotion regulation difficulties has been demonstrated, little attention has been given to the question
of why anxious individuals have
difficulties regulating their
emotions.
The
difficulty of many
of the girls» experiences in this study is not the
regulation of impulses and
emotions but rather in the suppression
of them in their lived experience in order to conform to the group.
Peer relationship
difficulties and peer rejection are common in youngsters with attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mandating focus on assessment issues, underlying reasons for peer approval and disapproval, links with comorbid aggression, and the mediating role
of sociocognitive mechanisms as well as
emotion regulation strategies.
[jounal] Gratz, K. I. / 2004 / Multidimensional assessment
of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale / Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 26:
emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale / Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2
regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation
of the
Difficulties in
Emotion Regulation Scale / Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 26:
Emotion Regulation Scale / Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2
Regulation Scale / Journal
of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 26: 41 ~ 54
In contrast, the expression
of withdrawal
emotions (i.e., sadness and fear) in face
of negative events is associated with behavioural
difficulties, poor
emotion regulation, and helplessness.
Children who have disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure have been shown to be vulnerable to stress, have problems with
regulation and control
of negative
emotions, and display oppositional, hostile - aggressive behaviours, and coercive styles
of interaction.2, 3 They may exhibit low self - esteem, internalizing and externalizing problems in the early school years, poor peer interactions, unusual or bizarre behaviour in the classroom, high teacher ratings
of dissociative behaviour and internalizing symptoms in middle childhood, high levels
of teacher - rated social and behavioural
difficulties in class, low mathematics attainment, and impaired formal operational skills.3 They may show high levels
of overall psychopathology at 17 years.3 Disorganized attachment with a primary attachment figure is over-represented in groups
of children with clinical problems and those who are victims
of maltreatment.1, 2,3 A majority
of children with early disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure during infancy go on to develop significant social and emotional maladjustment and psychopathology.3, 4 Thus, an attachment - based intervention should focus on preventing and / or reducing disorganized attachment.
Also, because
of previously found gender differences with regard to childhood anxiety and
emotion regulation difficulties (e.g., Bender et al., 2012), we balanced gender in the current study by including an equal number
of boys and girls.
Multidimensional assessment
of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation
of the
difficulties in
emotion regulation scale.
We present the dual systems model
of neurological development to highlight adolescence as a critical period
of increased risk for
emotion regulation difficulties, corresponding risk behaviors, and psychopathology.
An index
of emotion - related physiological arousal — cortisol reactivity — and subjective
emotion regulation have both been independently linked to substance use and psychological
difficulties among youth.
Thus, despite growing evidence on the interconnected nature
of children's and parents»
emotions during interactions as well as research showing the link between parent - child
emotion regulation difficulties and children's AD, relatively little research examined this in tandem.
Because many
of the previous investigations have been conducted using community samples, we asked whether we would find the same associations among anxiety,
emotion understanding,
emotion regulation, and attachment security, as other studies; namely that more anxious children will show more limited
emotion understanding, greater
difficulties regulating their
emotions, and report less attachment security than less anxious children (e.g., Brumariu et al., 2012; Bender et al., 2015).
To conclude, although knowledge on
emotion regulation difficulties within families with an AD is growing, it is
of great importance to gain more insight into dyadic emotional processes
of parent - child dyads unfolding in the moment that are related to child and parent AD.
We identified two targets
of behavioral interventions that may lead to improvements in mental health and reductions in sexual transmission risk behaviors — maladaptive cognitions underlying negative self - schemas and
difficulties with
emotion regulation.
An Examination
of the latent structure
of the
difficulties in
emotion regulation scale.
Difficulties with
emotion and its
regulation are
of central importance to the etiology and course
of depression.
The DERS (Gratz and Roemer, 2004) is a self - report questionnaire, which consists
of 36 items and measures
difficulties with regard to
emotion regulation.
An extensive review
of the unique and interactive functions across neurobiological regions is beyond the scope
of this brief report, and thus we highlight several specific and robust examples in which
emotion regulation difficulties manifest as neurobiological differences and help explain risk for comorbid disorders among youths.
We expected an indirect effect
of beliefs about
emotions on
emotion regulation strategies, and we hypothesized this effect would be mediated by the unwillingness to remain in contact with aversive private experiences, i.e., experiential avoidance (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999) and by the
difficulties a person experiences in regulating
emotions (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).
Indeed, disordered and dysregulated mood defines many forms
of psychopathology, and
difficulty with
emotion regulation has been described as a core deficit that emerges across psychiatric disorders and manifests as dysregulation across multiple levels
of analysis — biology, physiology, and behavior [15].
The profile
of emotion dysregulation was virtually identical for the Unipolar Depression and Anxiety groups, with BD demonstrating
emotion regulation difficulties intermediate between controls and the two clinical groups.
A sample
of 16 clinically anxious children (age 8 — 12, eight girls / boys) was assessed for
emotion understanding (Test of Emotion Comprehension), anxiety (Screening for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders - Revised and Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule), emotion dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale) and attachment security (Security
emotion understanding (Test
of Emotion Comprehension), anxiety (Screening for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders - Revised and Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule), emotion dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale) and attachment security (Security
Emotion Comprehension), anxiety (Screening for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders - Revised and Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule),
emotion dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale) and attachment security (Security
emotion dysregulation (
Difficulties in
Emotion Regulation Scale) and attachment security (Security
Emotion Regulation Scale) and attachment security (Security Scale).
Means and standard deviations
of difficulties in
emotion regulation scale (DERS) for healthy control, bipolar disorder, Unipolar Depression, and Anxiety groups, and results
of Welch F statistic.
In order to test the relationship between beliefs about
emotions,
difficulties in
emotion regulation and ER strategies, a series
of zero order correlations was performed.
When investigating the relations between the subscales
of the SCARED - R and the overall measures
of emotion understanding,
emotion regulation difficulties, and attachment security, respectively, results showed that the OCD subscale correlated positively with
emotion dysregulation and negatively with
emotion understanding and attachment security.
If the FEEL - KJ reveals weaknesses in
emotion regulation, it seems useful to also administer the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)[45] as this instrument was developed to measure the underlying processes that result in problems with emotion regulation (e.g., «Lack of Emotional Awareness, «Limited Access to Emotion Regulation Strategies&r
emotion regulation, it seems useful to also administer the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)[45] as this instrument was developed to measure the underlying processes that result in problems with emotion regulation (e.g., «Lack of Emotional Awareness, «Limited Access to Emotion Regulation Strategie
regulation, it seems useful to also administer the
Difficulties in
Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)[45] as this instrument was developed to measure the underlying processes that result in problems with emotion regulation (e.g., «Lack of Emotional Awareness, «Limited Access to Emotion Regulation Strategies&r
Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)[45] as this instrument was developed to measure the underlying processes that result in problems with emotion regulation (e.g., «Lack of Emotional Awareness, «Limited Access to Emotion Regulation Strategie
Regulation Scale (DERS)[45] as this instrument was developed to measure the underlying processes that result in problems with
emotion regulation (e.g., «Lack of Emotional Awareness, «Limited Access to Emotion Regulation Strategies&r
emotion regulation (e.g., «Lack of Emotional Awareness, «Limited Access to Emotion Regulation Strategie
regulation (e.g., «Lack
of Emotional Awareness, «Limited Access to
Emotion Regulation Strategies&r
Emotion Regulation Strategie
Regulation Strategies»).
Higher scores indicate greater
difficulties in
emotion regulation Participants are required to indicate how often each items apply to themselves, with responses ranging from 1 to 5, where 1 is almost never (0 % - 10 %) 2 is sometimes (11 % - 35 %) 3 is (about half the time 36 % - 65 %) 4 is most
of the time (66 % - 90 %) and 5 is almost always (91 % - 100 %).
We examined the factor structure, reliability, convergent and criterion validity
of the Greek version
of the
Difficulties in
Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) using data from a community lifespan sample.
The study explored the total, direct and indirect effects
of emotion knowledge on adjustment in preschoolers and examined whether
emotion regulation mediated the relationships between
emotion knowledge and adjustment (social competence, and behavioral
difficulties, such as anxiety — withdrawal and anger — aggression).
It is also important to highlight that
emotion regulation difficulties play a role as both a cause and a consequence
of drug use, with bidirectional effects showing that poorer
emotion regulation predicts increased drug use, but increased drug use also predicts poorer
emotion regulation [for reviews, see 28, 38, 50 •, 53 • •].
Coherently with cognitive models, this study tested the hypothesis that specific beliefs about
emotions may be associated with
difficulties in
emotion regulation and the use
of different ERS (reappraisal, suppression, acceptance, rumination, avoidant coping, experiential avoidance).
The dysregulation
of emotions may be studied at all different levels
of emotion experience, cognition and
regulation, such as emotional dynamics (Silk et al. 2003),
emotion knowledge (e.g., not knowing that one may experience different
emotions at the same time and believing that emotional experiences can not be modulated; e.g., Meerum - Terwogt and Olthof 1989),
difficulties with the use
of emotion regulation strategies (e.g., distraction, cognitive reinterpretation; Gross and Thompson 2007), and meta -
emotion experiences (e.g., nonacceptance
of emotional responses; Gratz and Roemer 2004).
Physical pain symptoms and
emotion regulation difficulties via psychological stress negatively affect the health - related quality
of life (HRQoL)
of women living with endometriosis.