In this chapter, I will focus my discussion
of emotion socialization on three areas: the role played by cultural display rules and imitation; the impact of gender differences in infant temperament and language development on socialization; and the sometimes surprising influence of processes of differentiation between mothers» and children's emotional expressiveness.
In a related vein, although there is increasing evidence that fathers and mothers differ in both the quantity and content
of their emotion socialization behavior (Fivush et al. 2000; Van der Pol et al. 2015; Zaman and Fivush 2013), fathers are underrepresented in studies on the determinants and consequences of emotion socialization during early childhood.
Therefore, it can be argued that parents» style
of emotion socialization beliefs and practices play an important role in shaping levels of CU traits in children.
Taking into account this pattern of emotional functioning, there are several reasons to suggest a potential link between parents» style
of emotion socialization and levels of childhood CU traits.
Moreover, the emotional processing deficits associated with CU traits, may predispose parents of children elevated on these traits to significant challenges throughout their task
of emotion socialization.
Recent treatment studies demonstrate that parents can improve on various aspects
of their emotion socialization practices in the context of interventions that also target child behavioral problems [32, 73].
This finding remained significant after accounting for the potential effects of other dimensions of child problematic behavior, suggesting a unique association between this element
of emotion socialization and CU traits.
Not exact matches
Dealing with the guilt, fear, financial strain, lack
of socialization, and pent - up
emotions of the breakup can feel unbearable.
«When I have a bad dream, my Mommy holds me»: Preschoolers conceptions
of emotions, parental
socialization, and emotional competence.
The Indirect Effects
of Maternal
Emotion Socialization on Friendship Quality in Middle Childhood.
Socialization of emotion: Pathway to preschoolers affect regulation.
«When I have a bad dream, my Mommy holds me»: Preschoolers conceptions
of emotions, parental
socialization, and emotional competence.
The Indirect Effects
of Maternal
Emotion Socialization on Friendship Quality in Middle Childhood.
Based on the theory about the role
of parent
emotion socialization practice in shaping children's emotional and behavioural competence.
The role
of perceived discrepancies in parental
emotion socialization practices in the relation between marital adjustment and adolescent psychopathology
Thompson, R. and Meyer, S. (2007)
Socialization of emotion regulation in the family.
Emotion Socialization Strategies
of Mothers With Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms: The Role
of Maternal
Emotion Regulation and Interactions With Infant Temperament.
Temperament, Gender, and Cultural Differences in Maternal
Emotion Socialization of Anxiety, Somatization, and Anger.
Developmental transitions as windows to parental
socialization of emotion.
From this initial trusting and secure base, the infant (and then the toddler) develops a variety
of skills that are essential to healthy development: self - regulation
of emotions (Egeland & Erickson, 1999),
socialization, a sense
of mastery and competence, and an internal working model
of how relationships with others work, thus shaping future relationships with peers and, eventually, with romantic partners.
Parental
socialization of emotion.
Fathers»
emotion socialization beliefs and practices were unrelated to levels
of CU traits.
In Study 2, parents»
emotion socialization practices — that is, their use
of emotion coaching and dismissing behavior — were coded from direct observations
of family interactions involving the discussion
of past emotional experiences.
Gottman et al. [30] have distinguished between parents»
emotion socialization styles that are either supportive / coaching or dismissing
of emotions.
In both studies, based on our rationale described above, we expected to find significant relationships between higher CU traits and a more negative pattern
of parental
emotion socialization beliefs and practices; including less coaching and acceptance
of emotions, and more dismissing and disapproval
of emotions.
Emotion socialization as a framework for understanding the development
of disorganized attachment
This paper reports on two separate studies that examined unique dimensions
of parental
emotion socialization in relation to childhood CU traits, using different methods and independent samples
of families.
This finding was independent
of the effects
of the severity
of children's disruptive behavior and did not overlap with the other scales
of maternal
emotion socialization beliefs.
Specifically, mothers
of children rated higher on CU traits appear to have
emotion socialization beliefs and practices that are less accepting, and more dismissing,
of child
emotion.
We also examined the potentially confounding effects
of children's externalizing symptoms, to confirm unique relationships between parental
emotion socialization and levels
of CU traits.
The findings from these studies converge to suggest that the mothers
of children with high levels
of CU traits have a more negative
emotion socialization style, characterized by less acceptance and more dismissing
of children's experience and expression
of emotions.
Regarding the negative aspects
of parental
emotion socialization, higher levels
of parents» dismissing
of child
emotion — as directly observed during family emotional conversations — have demonstrated relationships with elevated behavioral problems [37].
The goal
of the current research was to investigate
emotion socialization beliefs and practices in the parents
of children with elevated CU traits.
Tuning in to Kids: An effectiveness trial
of a parenting program targeting
emotion socialization of preschoolers.
Our findings provide initial evidence for a relationship between CU traits and parents»
emotion socialization style, and have significant implications for the design
of novel family - based interventions targeting CU traits and co-occurring conduct problems.
Research with typically developing children, however, suggests that fathers»
emotion socialization style may influence areas
of children's emotional functioning; including their processing and expression
of emotion [66, 67].
Somatic complaints in early adolescence: The role
of parents»
emotion socialization.
Namely, the use
of multiple informants (i.e., mother, father, teacher) to rate child CU traits and behavior, unique methods (i.e., self - reports and direct observations) to assess two distinct dimensions
of parents»
emotion socialization style, and the use
of independent and heterogeneous samples (i.e., community and clinic children) to test our hypotheses.
Although some studies have not found a direct relationship between parents»
emotion socialization beliefs and conduct problems [36], prior results provide support for an indirect association wherein parental
emotion coaching influences children's emotional competence (e.g., affect regulation), which in turn is linked to severity
of behavioral problems [33].
The significant relationships between parental
emotion socialization beliefs and DBD symptoms were in expected directions and in line with results from some previous studies [34, 35], and provide support for the convergent validity
of this study's brief version
of the ERPSST.
Below we will delineate the particular
emotion - related characteristics
of children with elevated CU traits, and then we will discuss theory and prior research on parental
emotion socialization, and its significance for children manifesting these traits.
Across both studies we did not find evidence for any significant relationships between fathers»
emotion socialization beliefs and practices and levels
of CU traits.
Tuning into Kids: Improving
emotion socialization practices in parents
of preschool children — findings from a community trial.
This study examined the efficacy
of the Tuning in to Teens (TINT) program in improving
emotion socialization practices in parents and whether this reduced family conflict and youth externalizing.
Considering that conduct - problem children with CU traits demonstrate significant interpersonal deficits in their emotional functioning, and that parents play a fundamental role in socializing the ways in which children understand, experience, express, and regulate
emotions [22]; it is surprising that the topic
of parental
emotion socialization in the families
of children with CU traits has received very limited attention from researchers.
To this end, we reported on results from two independent, yet complementary studies that assessed unique dimensions
of parental
emotion socialization.
Considering the current findings and that there has been very limited research on paternal behavior in relation to CU traits in general, it will be an important endeavor for future research to continue to investigate the differential importance
of mothers» and fathers»
emotion socialization styles as predictors
of levels
of CU traits.
Taken together, the results were consistent in suggesting that the mothers
of children with higher levels
of CU traits are more likely to have affective attitudes that are less accepting
of emotion (Study 1), and
emotion socialization practices that are more dismissing
of child
emotion (Study 2).
The aim
of this research was to examine
emotion socialization styles in the parents
of children with high levels
of CU traits.
Results indicate that intervention parents, reported changes in parents» awareness and regulation
of emotion and
emotion socialization practices and this resulted in reduced youth somatic complaints compared to the control group at postintervention follow - up (see length below).