Not exact matches
It is quite fascinating to note that the topic I elected to write a thesis on more than 17 years ago remains a topical issue to the extent that a world leading institution such as the IBA has constituted a sub-committee, under the auspices
of the IBA Arbitration Committee, to tackle public policy in relation to
enforcement of arbitral awards, and the sub-committee issued an excellent report last year on the matter.
His practice covers a broad array
of subject matters, including constitutional law, sovereign immunity, arbitration,
enforcement of arbitral awards, business litigation, securities fraud, criminal law, and intellectual property.
As part
of China, Hong Kong is also a Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention) Contracting State, ensuring that arbitral awards issued where the seat of arbitration is Hong Kong benefit from this internationally renowned system of mutual recognition and enforcement of arbit
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention) Contracting State, ensuring that arbitral awards issued where the seat of arbitration is Hong Kong benefit from this internationally renowned system of mutual recognition and enforcement of arbitral
Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention) Contracting State, ensuring that arbitral awards issued where the seat of arbitration is Hong Kong benefit from this internationally renowned system of mutual recognition and enforcement of arbitral a
Awards (the New York Convention) Contracting State, ensuring that
arbitral awards issued where the seat of arbitration is Hong Kong benefit from this internationally renowned system of mutual recognition and enforcement of arbitral
arbitral awards issued where the seat of arbitration is Hong Kong benefit from this internationally renowned system of mutual recognition and enforcement of arbitral a
awards issued where the seat
of arbitration is Hong Kong benefit from this internationally renowned system
of mutual recognition and
enforcement of arbit
enforcement of arbitralarbitral awardsawards.
However, foreign investors may avoid all these difficulties by recourse to arbitration and indeed, Morocco is a member
of the New York Convention on the recognition and
enforcement of foreign
arbitral awards and a member
of The Washington Convention on ICSID.
Article 2
of the 1927 Geneva Convention states in relevant part: «If the
award has not covered all the questions submitted to the
arbitral tribunal, the competent authority
of the country where recognition or
enforcement of the
award is sought can, if it think fit, postpone such recognition or
enforcement or grant it subject to such guarantee as that authority may decide».
The term «
arbitral procedure» encompasses the period beginning with the filing
of an action and ending when the
award is rendered.891 The application
of the law by a tribunal, on the other hand, goes to the actual merits
of a dispute and therefore falls outside the scope
of review at the recognition and
enforcement stage.892
Gary B. Born, International Commercial Arbitration 3544 - 45 (2014); Alan Redfern, J. Martin Hunter et al., Redfern & Hunter on International Arbitration 645, para. 11.76 (2009)(referring to The Arab Republic
of Egypt v. Southern Pacific Properties, Court
of Appeal
of Paris, France, 12 July 1984, 23 ILM (1984)-RRB-; Paolo Michele Patocchi & Cesare Jermini, Article 194, in International Arbitration in Switzerland: an Introduction to and a Commentary on Articles 176 - 194
of the Swiss Private International Law Statute 660 - 61, para. 94 (S.V. Berti et al. eds., 2000); Stefan Michael Kröll, Commentary on the German Arbitration Law (10th Book
of the German Code
of Civil Procedure), in Arbitration in Germany: The Model Law in Practice 541, para. 83 (K.H. Böckstiegel, S. Kröll, P. Nacimiento eds., 2007); Mercédeh Azeredo da Silveira & Laurent Levy, Transgression
of the Arbitrators» Authority: Article V (1)(c)
of the New York Convention, in
Enforcement of Arbitration Agreements and International
Arbitral Awards: The New York Convention in Practice 639, 639 - 40 (E. Gaillard, D. di Pietro eds., 2008).
Lawyers from our dispute resolution and litigation practice have drafted these Q&A s, which give a structured overview
of key practical issues concerning
enforcement of judgments and
arbitral awards in our four jurisdictions.
With respect to the
award of interest, the Hamburg Court
of Appeal rejected a challenge to
enforcement under article V (1)(c), made on the basis that the
arbitral tribunal had
awarded more interest than had been claimed, considering that an «
arbitral tribunal can in its discretion and on its own initiative
award interest and compound interest for the time until the rendition
of the
award and for the time after the rendition
of the
award.»
The Convention's aim is not to limit the pre-existing freedom
of the Contracting States to treat foreign
arbitral awards or arbitration agreements as favourably as they please, but rather to facilitate their recognition and
enforcement to the greatest extent possible.
See, in particular, Pieter Sanders, A Twenty Years» Review
of the Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards, 13 Int» l Law 269 (1979); Jan Paulsson, Towards Minimum Standards
of Enforcement: Feasibility
of a Model Law, in Improving yhe Efficiency
of Arbitration Agreements and
Awards: 40 Years
of Application
of the New York Convention 574 (A.J. van den Berg ed., 1998); Albert Jan van den Berg, Hypothetical Draft Convention on the International
Enforcement of Arbitration Agreements and
Awards, AJB Rev 06 (May 2008).
See also Martin Platte, Multi-party Arbitration: Legal Issues Arising out
of Joinder and Consolidation, in
Enforcement of Arbitration Agreements and International
Arbitral Awards: the New York Convention in Practice 481, 491 (E. Gaillard, D. Di Pietro eds., 2008); Albert Jan van den Berg, The New York Arbitration Convention
of 1958: Towards a Uniform Judicial Interpretation 323 (1994).
Article V (1)(d) provides that the composition
of the
arbitral authority must have been in accordance with the agreement
of the parties, or in the absence
of an agreement, the law
of the country where the arbitration took place, failing which recognition and
enforcement of the
award may be refused.
Fouchard Gaillard Goldman on International Commercial Arbitration 987 - 88, para. 1700 (E. Gaillard, J. Savage eds., 1999); Christian Borris, Rudolf Hennecke, Commentary to Article V (1)(c), in New York Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 10 June 1958 — Commentary 309, 311, paras. 201 - 02 (R. Wolff ed., 2012); Paolo Michele Patocchi & Cesare Jermini, Article 194, in International Arbitration in Switzerland: an Introduction to and a Commentary on Articles 176 - 194 of the Swiss Private International Law Statute 661, para. 95 (S.V. Berti et al. eds., 2000); Ulrich Haas, The New York Convention on recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards of 1958, in Practitioner's Handbook on International Arbitration 499, paras. 39 -
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards of 10 June 1958 — Commentary 309, 311, paras. 201 - 02 (R. Wolff ed., 2012); Paolo Michele Patocchi & Cesare Jermini, Article 194, in International Arbitration in Switzerland: an Introduction to and a Commentary on Articles 176 - 194 of the Swiss Private International Law Statute 661, para. 95 (S.V. Berti et al. eds., 2000); Ulrich Haas, The New York Convention on recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards of 1958, in Practitioner's Handbook on International Arbitration 499, paras. 39 - 40
Arbitral Awards of 10 June 1958 — Commentary 309, 311, paras. 201 - 02 (R. Wolff ed., 2012); Paolo Michele Patocchi & Cesare Jermini, Article 194, in International Arbitration in Switzerland: an Introduction to and a Commentary on Articles 176 - 194 of the Swiss Private International Law Statute 661, para. 95 (S.V. Berti et al. eds., 2000); Ulrich Haas, The New York Convention on recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards of 1958, in Practitioner's Handbook on International Arbitration 499, paras. 39 - 40 (F
Awards of 10 June 1958 — Commentary 309, 311, paras. 201 - 02 (R. Wolff ed., 2012); Paolo Michele Patocchi & Cesare Jermini, Article 194, in International Arbitration in Switzerland: an Introduction to and a Commentary on Articles 176 - 194
of the Swiss Private International Law Statute 661, para. 95 (S.V. Berti et al. eds., 2000); Ulrich Haas, The New York Convention on recognition and
enforcement of foreign arbitral awards of 1958, in Practitioner's Handbook on International Arbitration 499, paras. 39 -
enforcement of foreign
arbitral awards of 1958, in Practitioner's Handbook on International Arbitration 499, paras. 39 - 40
arbitral awards of 1958, in Practitioner's Handbook on International Arbitration 499, paras. 39 - 40 (F
awards of 1958, in Practitioner's Handbook on International Arbitration 499, paras. 39 - 40 (F. - B.
Another concern raised at the time
of drafting the provision that allows for partial recognition and
enforcement was that «an
arbitral award constitutes an organic whole, the spirit
of which may be violated if it is split up into component parts.»
The conditions for recognition and
enforcement in the Convention establish a «ceiling», or maximum level
of control, which Contracting States may exert over
arbitral awards and arbitration agreements.
The Supreme Court
of Ukraine recently upheld
enforcement of an SCC
arbitral award.
Report
of the Secretary - General: Study on the Application and Interpretation
of the Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards (New York, 1958), A / CN.9 / 168, in X Yearbook
of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law 106 (1979).
Travaux préparatoires, Draft Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards and Comments by Governments and Organizations, Report by the Secretary - General, Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards, E / 2822, Annex II, pp. 18 - 19; Fouchard Gaillard Goldman on International Commercial Arbitration 454, para. 756 (E. Gaillard, J. Savage eds., 1999).
Enforcement of Arbitration Agreements and International
Arbitral Awards: The New York Convention in Practice
Similarities and distinctions with respect to
enforcement of foreign
arbitral awards, and potential implications for forum selection.
Article V (1)(a) provides that courts may refuse recognition or
enforcement of arbitral awards which are not based on a valid arbitration agreement.832 Article V (1)(a) is similar in nature to article V (1)(c) in that both articles concern whether an
arbitral award has been rendered on the basis
of a valid arbitration agreement.
See Sigvard Jarvin, Irregularity in the Composition
of the
Arbitral Tribunal and the Procedure, in
Enforcement of Arbitration Agreements and International
Arbitral Awards: The New York Convention in Practice 729, 730 (E. Gaillard, D. Di Pietro eds., 2008); Gary B. Born, International Commercial Arbitration 2771 (2009).
Further, where an application to set aside the
arbitral award was pending before a court at the seat
of the arbitration, the Court
of Appeal
of England and Wales considered that the partial
enforcement provisions
of article V (1)(c) could be applied to enforce the parts
of the
award that were not subject to challenge.836
As recorded in the travaux préparatoires
of the New York Convention, the omission
of language in the 1927 Geneva Convention allowing postponement
of recognition or
enforcement, or granting
enforcement subject to a guarantee,
of any
award that «has not covered all the questions submitted to the
arbitral tribunal», was a «significant change» from the wording
of the 1927 Geneva Convention.809 The omission is particularly notable given that article V (1)(c) contains very similar language to article 2 (b)
of the 1927 Geneva Convention.810
Patricia Nacimiento, Article V (1)(d), in Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards: A Global Commentary on the New York Convention 281, 286 (H. Kronke, P. Nacimiento et al. eds., 2010).
The Pechersky District Court
of Kyiv recently granted
enforcement of an SCC
arbitral award in a case between Remington Worldwide Limited («Remington») and the State
of Ukraine.
For instance, in a 1968 case, a Swiss court refused to issue an
enforcement order on the grounds that the
arbitral tribunal had not complied with the agreement
of the parties that «all disputes should be settled in one and the same
arbitral proceedings» and instead conducted the arbitration in two stages.904 In a 2001 case, the Italian Supreme Court enforced a first
award but not a second
award made with respect to the same dispute.
See Angela Kolbl, Commentary on Article XIV, in New York Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards of 10 June 1958 — Commentary 529, 531 (R. Wolff ed., 2012); Patricia Nacimiento, Article XIV, in Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards: A Global Commentary on the New York Convention 541, 544 (H. Kronke, P. Nacimiento et al. eds., 2010).
New York Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards of 10 June 1958 — Commentary
Parties have brought successful challenges to
enforcement of arbitral awards under article V (1)(c) in several jurisdictions on the grounds that the
arbitral award addressed a party that was not bound by the arbitration agreement.
Courts have consistently confirmed this in relation to article V (1)(c).837 For example, the United States Court
of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit denied a party's attempt to raise a challenge under article V (1)(c) to oppose an order compelling arbitration, that is, before the
arbitral proceedings had even taken place.838 The court noted that the provision could only be invoked by a party opposing
enforcement of an
award, which was not possible in circumstances where no
award had been issued, and also unlikely where the party raising the challenge was the claimant in the would - be arbitration, and thus not the party who would be in a position to challenge any resulting
arbitral award absent any counterclaims.839
The New York Convention, however, limits the scope
of article V (1)(c) by omitting language found in article 2
of the 1927 Geneva Convention which permitted enforcing authorities to delay, or create conditions in relation to, the
enforcement of awards, where the
award did not cover all the questions submitted to the
arbitral tribunal.793
He is well versed with issues related to the
enforcement of arbitral awards, including applications for the setting aside
of such
awards.
See also Patricia Nacimiento, Article XIV, in Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards: A Global Commentary on the New York Convention 541, 544 (H. Kronke, P. Nacimiento et al. eds., 2010).
Although article V (1)(d) moves beyond the text
of the 1927 Geneva Convention, it is not as liberal as certain arbitration statutes, which attach even less importance than the New York Convention to the law
of the country where the arbitration took place at the recognition and
enforcement stage.854 As explained in the chapter on article VII, 855 the Convention sets only a «ceiling», or the maximum level
of control, which courts
of the Contracting States may exert over foreign
arbitral awards.
In some circumstances, other international treaties, or the domestic law
of the country where
enforcement is sought, will also apply to the question
of whether a foreign
arbitral award should be recognized and enforced.
Article V (1)(d)
of the Convention sets out the fourth enumerated defence to the recognition and
enforcement of a foreign
arbitral award.
With the advent
of the 1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention), the world finally had a treaty that would allow for enforcement of foreign arbit
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention), the world finally had a treaty that would allow for enforcement of foreign arbitral
Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention), the world finally had a treaty that would allow for enforcement of foreign arbitral a
Awards (the New York Convention), the world finally had a treaty that would allow for
enforcement of foreign arbit
enforcement of foreign
arbitralarbitral awardsawards.
Article V (1)(c)
of the New York Convention allows the competent authorities in Contracting States to refuse recognition and
enforcement of an
arbitral award, or part
of that
award, where the
award contains decisions on matters «beyond the scope
of the submission to arbitration».
Almost 60 years after its creation, the New York Convention continues to fulfil its objective
of facilitating the recognition and
enforcement of foreign
arbitral awards, and in the years to come, will guarantee the continued growth
of international arbitration and create conditions in which cross-border economic exchanges can flourish.
While the New York Convention is undoubtedly the most significant international instrument for the recognition and
enforcement of arbitral awards, it does not operate in isolation.
Professor (Dr.) Albert Jan van den Berg, founding partner at Hanotiau & van den Berg, the world - class international arbitration boutique firm, spoke at the third annual Carolyn Lamm / White & Case International Arbitration Lecture at Miami Law, delivering «Reflections on the 60th Anniversary
of the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards.»
The Convention was concise, composed
of only 16 Articles, and dealt with two issues: the
enforcement of the agreement to arbitrate and the
enforcement of the resulting
arbitral award.
Travaux préparatoires, United Nations Conference on International Commercial Arbitration, Report by the Secretary - General — Corrigendum — Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards, E / 2822 / Corr.
See Christian Borris, Rudolf Hennecke, Commentary to Article V (1)(c), in New York Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards of 10 June 1958 — Commentary 309, 328, para. 259 (R. Wolff ed., 2012).
By imposing stricter rules on recognition and
enforcement of foreign
arbitral awards, a Contracting State will breach its obligations under the Convention.
Fernando Perez Correa /
Enforcement and Recognition
of Foreign Judgements and
Arbitral Awards in Mexico / 77 Defense Counsel Journal 384 (2010)- 2010
Leading commentators agree that article V (1)(c) does not apply to
awards which fail to address all the issues submitted to the
arbitral tribunal for resolution.808 Though there are no reported cases addressing whether article V (1)(c) applies to
awards rendered infra petita, the view that such
awards do not provide grounds for refusal
of recognition or
enforcement is consistent with the text and spirit
of the Convention.
In a case concerning an application for
enforcement that was subject to both the New York Convention and the European Convention, the Italian Court
of Cassation decided that
enforcement should be denied where the presumption under Article VIII had not been rebutted because one party seeking
enforcement had expressly requested during the
arbitral proceeding that reasons be given for the
award.