However, in most parts of the world, conventional dairying is associated with high levels of grain feeding, the use of cow breeds which produce high milk volumes, and the application of large amounts of fertilizer («high input» farming), while organic dairying is tied to pasture and forage feeding, lower amounts
of fertilizer application, and the use of mixed or minority breeds («low input»).
The research, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, brings together dozens of studies from across the globe that analyzed how nitrous oxide emissions increased based on different rates
of fertilizer application.
Not exact matches
However, nearly all commercial growers use a preplant
fertilizer and regular
applications of fertilizer throughout the growing season, undoubtedly because the heavy concentration
of peppers depletes the soil and because manure and compost is not generally added to commercial fields.
The local cultivation practices currently followed for conventional rice varieties, including the
application of fertilizer, crop protection products, and labor, are directly applicable to the cultivation
of those varieties containing the GR2E nutritional trait.
This has been achieved without the
application of crop residues and organic
fertilizer.
Chemically intensive farming methods can produce short - term benefits for farmers, but they result in the degradation
of soil over time, increasing the susceptibility
of plants to pests and diseases and requiring ever greater
applications of fertilizer in the long - run.
China has been called out in the news numerous times in the past few years for its poor environmental and waste management practices, excessive
application of chemicals and
fertilizer, and lack
of government and food safety regulations.
The Karst region
of northern Lithuania has suffered greatly from pollution caused by intensive agriculture and high rates
of fertilizer and pesticide
application encouraged in the 1950s and 1960s.
«Agricultural practices» shall mean all activities conducted by a farmer on a farm to produce agricultural products and which are inherent and necessary to the operation
of a farm including, but not limited to, the collection, transportation, distribution, storage and land
application of animal wastes; storage, transportation and use
of equipment for tillage, planting, harvesting, irrigation, fertilization and pesticide
application; storage and use
of legally permitted
fertilizers, limes and pesticides all in accordance with local, state and federal law and regulations and in accordance with manufacturers» instructions and warnings; storage, use and
application of animal feed and foodstuffs; construction and use
of farm structures and facilities for the storage
of animal wastes, farm equipment, pesticides,
fertilizers, agricultural products and livestock, for the processing
of animal wastes and agricultural products, for the sale
of agricultural products, and for the use
of farm labor, as permitted by local and state building codes and regulations; including construction and maintenance
of fences and lanes; «Agricultural products» shall mean those products as defined in subdivision 2
of section 301
of the agriculture and markets law; «Farm» shall mean the land, buildings and machinery usable in the production, whether for profit or otherwise,
of agricultural products;
In an effort to reduce the amount
of nitrogen getting into bays and other water bodies and to protect groundwater, Suffolk County Legislator Bill Lindsay (D - Holbrook) has introduced a measure aimed at reducing the
application of fertilizer.
For instance, Buckley notes, on one computer simulation for 4th graders
of plants growing in a greenhouse, kids could move the plants around and identify, based on growth patterns, which were sun - versus shade - loving plants, and which
fertilizer application rate proved most effective.
Agricultural chemistry includes the
application of chemical
fertilizer, chemical insecticides, and chemical fungicides, soil makeup, analysis
of agricultural products, and nutritional needs
of farm animals.
This direct
application of starter
fertilizer is known as in - furrow
application.
On the other hand, «the most promising scenarios included widespread use
of in - field and edge -
of - field nutrient management practices, especially subsurface
application of phosphorus
fertilizers, expansion
of cover crops and creation
of buffer strips,» he said.
«Definitely the effects
of inorganic
fertilizer application on soil properties will depend on tillage and cropping systems,» Blanco says.
And that doesn't take into account the supply chain
of natural gas production, energy - related emissions in the production process,
fertilizer application (and misapplication) or industrial use
of urea and other ammonia products.
For the first time, scientists will have an instant read on how springs respond to all sorts
of factors, from
fertilizer application to drought or heavy rainfall, says Brian Katz, a geochemist with the Florida Department
of Environmental Protection.
The Salton Sea brine contains a host
of other elements, and Simbol hopes to extend the extraction process to manganese and zinc — also used in batteries and metal alloys — as well as potassium, which is a vital nutrient and
fertilizer, among other
applications.
However, 32 to 37 per cent
of the
fertilizer N remained in the soil organic matter in 1985 or three years after
application, while 12 to 15 per cent still lingered in the soils after three decades.
The scientists predict that about 15 per cent
of the initially applied
fertilizer N will be exported from the soils towards the groundwater over a time span
of almost one century after the 1982
fertilizer application.
Precision agriculture has created a circumstance allowing us to be very precise with the
application of inputs [such as
fertilizers].
Perhaps, fortunately, there is still a lot
of room for improvement by more conventional means: the targeted
application of fertilizer and the like.
For example, understanding drop impact phenomena is critical to optimizing the
application of fertilizers and pesticides to crops.
One - time phosphate
fertilizer application to grassland columns modifies the soil microbiota and limits its role in ecosystem services — Israel Ikoyi, Science
of The Total Environment
Changes in the Metagenome
of Prokaryotic Community as an Indicator
of Fertility
of Arable Soddy - Podzolic Soils upon
Fertilizer Application — A. N. Naliukhin — Eurasian Soil Science
A dead zone in the Chesapeake Bay also has shrunk in recent years, Magnien said, because
of major advances in wastewater treatment, sediment and storm water controls, soil management practices, and more selective and precise
applications of fertilizer.
The large - scale
application of nitrogenous
fertilizers generated via nitrogen fixing is already detectable in sediments remote from civilization, the scientists noted.
However, in low - income regions where populations continue to grow and the food supply is unstable, the cost
of fertilizer can hinder additional
applications and cripple crop yields.
Nilwala Kottegoda, Veranja Karunaratne, Gehan Amaratunga and colleagues wanted to find a way to slow the breakdown
of urea and make one
application of fertilizer last longer.
Organic beauty products and foods are spared the
application of toxic and persistent insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and
fertilizers.
Beauty products and foods that are made with organic ingredients are spared the
application of toxic and persistent insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and
fertilizers.
In addition, the soils are very sandy, which calls for more frequent but light
applications of fertilizer.
Although oregano does not demand many nutrients and compost will feed it the whole growing cycle, in poor soils, the
application of a
fertilizer may be considered in order to enhance growth and development.
He got the information regarding Vitamin B12 from a study that showed this phenomenon, see Mozafar AQ, «Enrichment
of some B Vitamins in plants with
application of organic
fertilizers» Plant and Soil 167 (1994): 305 - 311.
6 Chang, Andrew, et al., «Role
of Fertilizer and Micronutrient
applications on Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead Accumulation in California Cropland Soils, California Department
of Food and Agriculture, 2004.
While the
application of chemistry to crop production is still less than 100 years old, the
fertilizer industry as now constituted is quite old as years are reckoned in chemical industry.
The rapidly accumulating evidence
of soil depletion over wide agricultural areas, the reduction in crop yields on improperly fertilized or unfertilized areas and on others, the reduction
of fertility levels to the point where
fertilizer applications represent the minimum subsistence diet, combined with an aroused public consciousness
of the importance
of soil fertility conservation and restoration, will inevitably lead to a demand that the chemical industry provide here the same high order
of service which it offers elsewhere in meeting man's aspirations for more abundance and greater efficiency.
There has been considerable controversy over the construction
of this course, as some environmentalists believe that a golf course — which typically requires large
applications of fertilizer and pesticides — could pose a danger, though run - off, to the ecologies
of the barrier reef and sea.
Again, studies show no increase in yields under identical growth conditions, and the strains suffer from the same limitations as all monoculture crops do — in fact, these genetically engineered strains often call for high
applications of fertilizer, water and herbicides (which, after all, is why they were engineered to be herbicide resistant).
An important misrepresentation
of our paper is the assertion that we are somehow suggesting that
fertilizer application in Africa be reduced.
The paper didn't fail to mention what we have reported on before, that corn farming for ethanol using management practices such as commercial
fertilizer application, mechanical tillage, and intensive drainage is the most important driver
of this increase in nitrogen pollution.
Many previous studies in western Canada on nitrous oxide emissions from zero till systems (all with surface
application of N
fertilizer) measured only growing season emissions.
They believed that
applications in western Canada were less likely, given the relatively good efficiency
of nitrogen
fertilizer use in this region (by such techniques as banding).
An agronomist with the company reported to us that their main interest in such
fertilizers was for
applications in developing and / or tropical countries, where present use
of nitrogen
fertilizers is, in many cases, relatively inefficient (e.g., rice production).
The early results which found higher levels
of nitrous oxide emissions from zero till all seem to have employed surface
application of N
fertilizer.
One possible
application could be in zero tillage systems, where coated nitrogen
fertilizer might allow considerably higher rates
of fertilizer to be applied close to the seed.
Authors in a recent study from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) have identified higher emissions from continuously flooded rice, compared to rice which has more frequent periods
of water drainage, and a wide range
of emissions for other crops due to variation in
fertilizer application.
China's nitrous oxide emissions from
fertilizer application are the highest
of any country, accounting for nearly a third
of the world's total.
In the 1970s, the objective was increased yields through massive
application of fertilizers.
These emissions are primarily released from the 2.2 billion gallons
of fossil fuels used for gas - powered mowing and the manufacturing /
application of synthetic
fertilizers in the US each year.»»