In general, we save fuel in three separate ways: first is with a grid charge; second is regenerative braking — we run very high power regen, much, much higher than anyone and we pretty much avoid the use
of friction brakes; and third is running the engine at the sweet spot.
Making extensive use of the regenerative braking will not only extend your range, but will also extend the life
of the friction brakes.
It is even used in some motor sports to reduce the risk
of the friction brakes overheating.
Also see Steel Braided Hoses Brake Lining Material: A composite of matrix binder, metallic or ceramic particles and friction material that also coats the disc surface Brake Pads: The pad consists of a steel backing that fits into the locking mechanism of the calipers and a layer of about 10 mm
of friction brake lining Brake pistons: Is a hydraulic actuated piston that transfers the hydraulic pressure from the master brake pump to cause the brake pad to bind with the disc.
Unlike some other systems, it works beautifully even on hills, applying a skosh
of friction braking if necessary.
With the conventional systems, the interventions are based on the reduction of the engine torque and the generation
of friction braking torques on specific wheels.
Not exact matches
The car's momentum, instead
of being grabbed by high -
friction brake pads and thrown away as useless heat, is mopped up in the form
of electricity that replenishes the batteries.
In harder stops, the ECU initiates a chain reaction
of commands to
brake system components, proportioning
friction brake energy to each wheel.
With up to 0.3 g
of electric deceleration available, the
friction brakes will die
of boredom in city traffic.
This however does not hold true for rear wheel drive vehicles which can have a strong weight transfer (high, soft - suspension cars, as most US vehicles), as the added
braking force on the rear wheels without added (weight - transfer caused)
friction could cause wheel lockup and possibly loss
of control
of the vehicle.
I had drum
brakes on my Land Rover (8», 10» single and twin leading shoe), and what you can try is to chamfer the leading edge
of the
friction material - only needs 1/8» depth 60 degrees - so that the shoe does not «grab» on first contact.
e.g., (i) degraded combustion, if any, (ii) momentum in the moving engine parts prior to the clutch plate, (iii) momentum due to the physical displacement
of the vehicle, (iv)
friction due to movement
of the vehicle,
of which air resistance is one component, (v) dissipation
of kinetic energy in the compression stroke, and (vi)
braking.
I intended to get the discs resurfaced because A) I understood it to be routine practice when replacing the pads, and B) the
brakes as a whole had been screeching for some time, and the discs are very clearly glazed over and lacking the gritty
friction of fresh rotors.
The
friction co-efficient
of paint is lower than pavement, hence the scooby doo effect
of lower traction on
braking or acceleration on a paint line.
Since the regen slows the car at a rate
of about 0.2 g, you don't use the
friction brakes often in normal driving, but I finally gave the AP Racing
brakes a workout tearing down the back roads.
You're still confusing the two types
of classical
friction due to the use
of ABS: it's not enough to say «sufficient
braking power to lock the wheels» as that would just be a skid.
The only downside is the lack
of engine
braking, partly the result
of the engine's very low internal
friction (it uses 0W / 20 oil).
It's difficult to
brake smoothly, with an initial jolt from the regenerative effect
of the motor and then a period
of muddiness as regen swaps with
friction braking.
Traffic regulations in a large number
of countries require trucks to always drive with an engaged gear, which in turn provides a certain amount
of engine
braking (viscous losses to the engine oil and air pumped through the engine and
friction losses to the cylinder walls and bearings) when no accelerator pedal is applied.
It is very effective, however, and creates immense amounts
of braking force which significantly extends
friction brake life — a 565 hp (421 kW) diesel engine can produce up to 600 hp (450 kW)
of braking power at 2,100 RPM.
The higher compression ratio in diesels means they are harder to start, but once they are running the energy expended in compressing air is regained during the expansion stroke when the compressed air is allowed to «spring» back, so the higher compression ratio causes negligible engine
braking via energy being lost as
friction and heat
of compressed air to engine block.
And in 2017, it's almost criminal to be relying on crude, 100 % wasteful
friction brakes as the sole means
of slowing cars down.
The
brake system slows or stops the rotation
of the wheels through
friction by transferring pressure from the
brake pedal to the pads or shoes.
ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS The F - PACE offers all
of the technologies needed to make journeys more convenient, from traction systems to get drivers moving on low
friction surfaces, to an emergency
braking system.
IS F Dynamic Sport Tuning model (available in Japan) includes 7 PS (5 kW; 7 hp) engine power boost via low -
friction piston and pump, strengthened body contact, exclusive carbon front spoiler / rear diffuser, 7 kg (15 lb) lower body weight via exclusive titanium muffler, exclusive orange colour
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of 7 body colours including exclusive starlight black glass flake.
Regenerative
braking is not by itself sufficient as the sole means
of safely bringing a vehicle to a standstill, or slowing it as required, so it must be used in conjunction with another
braking system such as
friction - based
braking.
Compared to electro - pneumatic
friction brakes,
braking with the traction motors can be regulated faster improving the performance
of wheel slide protection.
It adds adaptive suspension and a broader range
of manual adjustment for steering, transmission and skid - control electronics, a
brake upgrade with larger rotors and high -
friction pads, ventilated sport seats, configurable TFT instrumentation and 19 - inch, staggered - width wheels with sport tires.
Your Dodge
brake caliper is the part that presses your
brake pads against the rotor, applying the pressure that serves to create the
friction necessary for the
brake pads to slow the revolutions
of the rotor and bring the vehicle to a stop.
====== EXPERTS ARE SAYING: TheCarConnection.com's review says Brake blending is excellent; Ford and Toyota have the most experience in combining regenerative and
friction braking of any hybrid makers, and it shows in largely seamless transitions..
Savings
of 17 %, and less wear on
friction braking components, are claimed for Virgin Trains Pendolinos.
The low -
friction design
of the
brake calipers reduces energy losses when the
brakes are not in use, directly improving fuel efficiency.
The dust - busting,
friction - enhancing design
of Centric's Posi - Quiet semi-metallic
brake pad sets will boost your
brake system with smooth, reliable stopping power.
All four
brake discs come for the first time as a composite structure with the
friction discs made
of grey - cast iron, the
brake covers
of light aluminium.
e-Pedal combines regenerative
braking and the conventional
friction brakes, taking some
of the guesswork out
of how the car will respond when you lift off the accelerator.
On the road, the blending
of friction and regenerative
braking is seamless.
Brake pads absorb much
of the
friction created when the
brake caliper squeezes the
brake rotor (located on the wheel), which causes the car to stop.
The drivetrain abruptly telegraphs its choices
of gas or electricity, and the
brakes seem to be continually trying to decide between
friction and power regeneration.
Activation
of DTC raises the threshold for intervention by the
brakes, enabling the driver
of a BMW 3 Series Coupe to set off smoothly on low
friction surfaces such as snow.
The
brake pads are lined with a
friction compound to grip both sides
of the
brake disc firmly, producing the
friction necessary to bring the motion
of the wheels to a stop.
This most elaborate
of BMW
brake concepts shares 2 - piece rotors with the 550i and 6 Series: an aluminum «hat» inner portion to reduce unsprung weight, and a cast - iron outer portion as the actual
friction surface.
The
braking system relies on
friction to help it slow the momentum
of the wheels to bring the vehicle to a stop, produced by the cooperation
of brake components such as the Ford
brake caliper,
brake pads, and the
brake disc.
The
friction that is produced by this contact slows and stops the motion
of the wheels as the
brake is applied.
And more!KEY FEATURES INCLUDELeather Seats, Sunroof, Keyless Start.OPTION PACKAGESF SPORT PACKAGE larger front
brakes w / hi -
friction pads, aluminum pedals and Variable Gear Ratio Steering (VGRS), F - Sport Tuned Adaptive Variable Suspension (AVS), sport S mode, Rear Lip Spoiler, Front Sport Seats, 16 - way power driver seat w / power side bolsters, thigh support and 4 - way lumbar, Temp Spare Aluminum Wheel, F Sport Door Scuff Plates, Striated Aluminum Interior Trim, Premium Package, Power Rear Sunshade, Rain Sensing Wipers, Heated / Ventilated Front Seats, Climate Concierge, F Sport Front Bumper & Rear Lower Valence, F Sport Mesh Front Grille Inserts, Wheels 19 Split 5 - Spoke Staggered width, Tires P235 / 40R19 Fr & P265 / 35R19 Rr Summer, Perforated Leather Sport Steering Wheel, Black Headliner, LEXUS HDD NAVIGATION SYSTEM 12.3 high resolution screen, Lexus Enform w / SafetyConnect automatic collision notification, stolen vehicle location, emergency assist button (SOS), enhanced roadside assistance, destination assist, eDestination Remote Trunk Release, Keyless Entry, Steering Wheel Controls, Child Safety Locks, Heated Mirrors, Electronic Stability Control, Electrochromic rearview mirror.WHY BUY FROM USDCH Lexus
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Featuring a high efficiency coaxial motor, low -
friction gearbox and electric servo
brake system, the electric powertrain has a consumption rate
of 29 kWh / 100 miles (116 MPGe).
Also standard is the Rover's electronic Terrain Response system — an evolution
of traction control that features five modes that automatically optimize the
braking, stability control, transmission programming and engine output for a variety
of surfaces — road, low
friction surfaces, sand, mud and ruts and rock crawling.
Instead
of burning up
brake pads and bringing the car closer to an expensive maintenance appointment, I knew that the car was actually saving its
friction brake and largely relying on regenerative
braking, recharging its battery pack to give it more electric boost.
In order to maximize the dissipation
of heat, the steel
friction rings are perforated and connected by pins to the aluminum
brake discs.
Friction Materials: These materials in Toyota
brake pads are designed specifically for the dynamics
of the Toyota
braking system.
The balance between the regenerative
braking system and the Volt's
friction brakes is both out
of whack and inconsistent.