Ganopolski, A. & Rahmstorf, S. Rapid changes
of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model.
Culture... arose about 40 thousand years ago, in the depths
of the glacial climate... Civilized humanity has never seen a climate change as severe as global warming.
Probably not how «culture arose... in the depths
of the glacial climate.»
EPICA community members, 2006: One - to - one coupling
of glacial climate variability in Greenland and Antarctica.
Ganopolski, A. and S. Rahmstorf, 2001: Rapid changes
of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model.
Not exact matches
That is because
of the harsh
climate and thin
glacial soils that they naturally grow in in Maine, Eastern Canada and Quebec.
The great combination
of climate, close proximity to the mountains, where ice and
glacial water was plentiful and the quality
of ingredients helped Francesco Peroni create such a distinctive brewery that within a relatively short time had become vastly popular and ultimately evolved into the beer we enjoy today - Peroni Nastro Azzurro.
Dr. Huybers» research involves the causes
of glacial cycles, evaluation
of modern
climate extremes, and the implications
of climate change for food production.
The U.S. team is one
of three international groups that sought to penetrate Antarctica's subglacial waters in the past month, seeking clues not only to
glacial microbiology but also to ice sheet dynamics and the impact
of climate change on the continent.
But the topography is just one part
of the story — coupling that with vastly improved satellite data as well as a better understanding
of glacial processes and oceanographic and
climate conditions is «probably what we need to do in all
of these places,» Siegert says.
The results show that the correlation between
climate change — i.e. the variation in temperature and precipitation between
glacials and interglacials — and the loss
of megafauna is weak, and can only be seen in one sub-region, namely Eurasia (Europe and Asia).
Understanding the complex interplay between
climate and biotic interactions is thus essential for fully anticipating how ecosystems will respond to the fast rates
of current warming, which are unprecedented since the end
of the last
glacial period.
For millions
of years global
climate change has altered the structure and internal movement
of mountain ranges, but the resulting
glacial development and erosion can in turn change a mountain's local
climate.
Glacial collapse is unprecedented in western Tibet, which for decades has resisted the effects
of climate change while glaciers in southern and eastern Tibet have melted at an accelerating rate.
The beginning and end
of a
glacial period are clearly times
of global
climate change, but there are also periods
of abrupt change in
climate patterns within those periods.
So the fact that we have this very strong drying in the tropics during glaciation would argue for a strong feedback
of water vapor concentration to the global
climate during
glacial - interglacial cycles.»
Rising global temperatures, ice field and
glacial melting and rising sea levels are among the climatic changes that could ultimately lead to the submergence
of coastal areas that are home to 1.3 billion people today, according to the report, published online today by the journal Nature
Climate Change.
The international team
of co-authors, led by Peter Clark
of Oregon State University, generated new scenarios for temperature rise,
glacial melting, sea - level rise and coastal flooding based on state -
of - the - art
climate and ice sheet models.
The finding suggests that future
climate simulations, unlike current ones, should account for the effects
of these algae when making predictions about
glacial melt.
The analysis provides a window into how animals might react to any kind
of climate change, whether
glacial cycles or global warming.
This process
of glacial equilibrium can be sparked by changes in
climate but then assume a life
of its own.
Non-polar
glacial ice holds a wealth
of information about past changes in
climate, the environment and especially atmospheric composition, such as variations in temperature, atmospheric concentrations
of greenhouse gases and emissions
of natural aerosols or human - made pollutants... The glaciers therefore hold the memory
of former
climates and help to predict future environmental changes.
The sediment cores used in this study cover a period when the planet went through many
climate cycles driven by variations in Earth's orbit, from extreme
glacial periods such as the Last Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago, when massive ice sheets covered the northern parts of Europe and North America, to relatively warm interglacial periods with climates more like t
glacial periods such as the Last
Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago, when massive ice sheets covered the northern parts of Europe and North America, to relatively warm interglacial periods with climates more like t
Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago, when massive ice sheets covered the northern parts
of Europe and North America, to relatively warm interglacial periods with
climates more like today's.
** The role
of the North Atlantic Drift in the millennial timescale
glacial climate fluctuations.
Building on this study, the team intend to produce a new reconstruction
of global ice volume across the last
glacial cycle, which will help to validate their proposition that certain boundaries can define windows
of instability within the
climate system.
The results
of our recent study suggest that the Atlantic water never ceased to flow into the Nordic Seas during the
glacial period,» says Mohamed Ezat, PhD at Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and
Climate (CAGE) at UiT, The Arctic University
of Norway.
Current
climate models do not take into account
glacial flow and therefore underestimate the impact
of glacial melt and the calving
of ice flows, the researchers argue in a paper detailing the findings in today's Science.
«We see processes that operate in the
climate system that either don't operate in
glacial times we've seen in the last 2 million years, or they operate very differently,» she said, citing the behavior
of ice sheets as an example.
«This record, which spans the entire last
glacial period, adds significantly to the understanding
of how various
climate forcings are felt by the western tropical Pacific,» Carolin added.
The results also have profound implications for present - day
climate change, says Ólafur Ingólfsson, a
glacial geologist at the University
of Iceland in Reykjavik.
«If you haven't had proximity to these glaciers, if you haven't thought about where water comes from, it would be easy to understate or underestimate the implications
of glacial ice loss in a state that has predominantly a semi-desert
climate and certainly by contemporary
climate models is going to be pretty significantly impacted by
climate change,» said Jacki Klancher, a professor
of environmental science at Central Wyoming College.
«We started from scratch and she wanted to know
glacial cycles, rate
of deforesting, solar variability — all
of the issues that could impact
climate and why I think that humans are the main driver
of climate change,» he explained afterward at a debriefing with colleagues at a pub on Capitol Hill.
The research team also assessed whether
climate sensitivity was different in warmer times, like the Pliocene, than in colder times, like the
glacial cycles
of the last 800,000 years.
Ice core records are rich archives
of the
climate history during
glacial - interglacial cycles over timescales
of up to ~ 800 kyr before the current age.
«It is not going to solve any
climate change issues, for sure,» Arrigo said, but the research is important in understanding the impacts
of glacial melt on marine ecosystems.
g (acceleration due to gravity) G (gravitational constant) G star G1.9 +0.3 gabbro Gabor, Dennis (1900 — 1979) Gabriel's Horn Gacrux (Gamma Crucis) gadolinium Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934 — 1968) Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center GAIA Gaia Hypothesis galactic anticenter galactic bulge galactic center Galactic Club galactic coordinates galactic disk galactic empire galactic equator galactic habitable zone galactic halo galactic magnetic field galactic noise galactic plane galactic rotation galactose Galatea GALAXIES galaxy galaxy cannibalism galaxy classification galaxy formation galaxy interaction galaxy merger Galaxy, The Galaxy satellite series Gale Crater Galen (c. AD 129 — c. 216) galena GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) Galilean satellites Galilean telescope Galileo (Galilei, Galileo)(1564 — 1642) Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) Galileo satellite navigation system gall gall bladder Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812 — 1910) gallic acid gallium gallon gallstone Galois, Évariste (1811 — 1832) Galois theory Galton, Francis (1822 — 1911) Galvani, Luigi (1737 — 1798) galvanizing galvanometer game game theory GAMES AND PUZZLES gamete gametophyte Gamma (Soviet orbiting telescope) Gamma Cassiopeiae Gamma Cassiopeiae star gamma function gamma globulin gamma rays Gamma Velorum gamma - ray burst gamma - ray satellites Gamow, George (1904 — 1968) ganglion gangrene Ganswindt, Hermann (1856 — 1934) Ganymede «garbage theory»,
of the origin
of life Gardner, Martin (1914 — 2010) Garneau, Marc (1949 ---RRB- garnet Garnet Star (Mu Cephei) Garnet Star Nebula (IC 1396) garnierite Garriott, Owen K. (1930 ---RRB- Garuda gas gas chromatography gas constant gas giant gas laws gas - bounded nebula gaseous nebula gaseous propellant gaseous - propellant rocket engine gasoline Gaspra (minor planet 951) Gassendi, Pierre (1592 — 1655) gastric juice gastrin gastrocnemius gastroenteritis gastrointestinal tract gastropod gastrulation Gatewood, George D. (1940 ---RRB- Gauer - Henry reflex gauge boson gauge theory gauss (unit) Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777 — 1855) Gaussian distribution Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 — 1850) GCOM (Global Change Observing Mission) Geber (c. 720 — 815) gegenschein Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882 — 1945) Geiger - Müller counter Giessler tube gel gelatin Gelfond's theorem Gell - Mann, Murray (1929 ---RRB- GEM «gemination,»
of martian canals Geminga Gemini (constellation) Gemini Observatory Gemini Project Gemini - Titan II gemstone gene gene expression gene mapping gene pool gene therapy gene transfer General Catalogue
of Variable Stars (GCVS) general precession general theory
of relativity generation ship generator Genesis (inflatable orbiting module) Genesis (sample return probe) genetic code genetic counseling genetic disorder genetic drift genetic engineering genetic marker genetic material genetic pool genetic recombination genetics GENETICS AND HEREDITY Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program genome genome, interstellar transmission
of genotype gentian violet genus geoboard geode geodesic geodesy geodesy satellites geodetic precession Geographos (minor planet 1620) geography GEOGRAPHY Geo - IK geologic time geology GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE geomagnetic field geomagnetic storm geometric mean geometric sequence geometry GEOMETRY geometry puzzles geophysics GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat geostationary orbit geosynchronous orbit geosynchronous / geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) geosyncline Geotail (satellite) geotropism germ germ cells Germain, Sophie (1776 — 1831) German Rocket Society germanium germination Gesner, Konrad von (1516 — 1565) gestation Get Off the Earth puzzle Gettier problem geyser g - force GFO (Geosat Follow - On) GFZ - 1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) ghost crater Ghost Head Nebula (NGC 2080) ghost image Ghost
of Jupiter (NGC 3242) Giacconi, Riccardo (1931 ---RRB- Giacobini - Zinner, Comet (Comet 21P /) Giaever, Ivar (1929 ---RRB- giant branch Giant Magellan Telescope giant molecular cloud giant planet giant star Giant's Causeway Giauque, William Francis (1895 — 1982) gibberellins Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839 — 1903) Gibbs free energy Gibson, Edward G. (1936 ---RRB- Gilbert, William (1544 — 1603) gilbert (unit) Gilbreath's conjecture gilding gill gill (unit) Gilruth, Robert R. (1913 — 2000) gilsonite gimbal Ginga ginkgo Giotto (ESA Halley probe) GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) girder
glacial drift
glacial groove glacier gland Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926 — 2013) Glashow, Sheldon (1932 ---RRB- glass GLAST (Gamma - ray Large Area Space Telescope) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1607 — 1670) glaucoma glauconite Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921 ---RRB- Glenn Research Center Glennan, T (homas) Keith (1905 — 1995) glenoid cavity glia glial cell glider Gliese 229B Gliese 581 Gliese 67 (HD 10307, HIP 7918) Gliese 710 (HD 168442, HIP 89825) Gliese 86 Gliese 876 Gliese Catalogue glioma glissette glitch Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA) Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Globalstar globe Globigerina globular cluster globular proteins globule globulin globus pallidus GLOMR (Global Low Orbiting Message Relay) GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) glossopharyngeal nerve Gloster E. 28/39 glottis glow - worm glucagon glucocorticoid glucose glucoside gluon Glushko, Valentin Petrovitch (1908 — 1989) glutamic acid glutamine gluten gluteus maximus glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolysis glycoprotein glycosidic bond glycosuria glyoxysome GMS (Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) Gnathostomata gneiss Go Go, No - go goblet cell GOCE (Gravity field and steady - state Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and
Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law
of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square
of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (HH215)
-- On the multi-million year time scale, passages through the spiral arms
of the milky way correlate with
climate on earth (e.g., this discussion), and on longer time scale,
glacial activity correlates with star formation in the milky way.
(Top left) Global annual mean radiative influences (W m — 2)
of LGM
climate change agents, generally feedbacks in
glacial - interglacial cycles, but also specified in most Atmosphere - Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM) simulations for the LGM.
For the
glacial period, comparisons to the Hulu Cave chronology demonstrated that WD2014 had an accuracy
of better than 1 %
of the age at three abrupt
climate change events between 27 and 31ka.
Marine sediment cores will reveal records
of past
glacial - interglacial cycles while lake sediments and peat cores will reveal
climate records since the last ice age.
Another sign
climate change hasn't stopped is that other
climate indicators have continued with no signs
of reversing, from Arctic sea ice and
glacial retreat to rising seas.
Kim, S. - J., G.M. Flato, G.J. Boer, and N.A. McFarlane, 2002: A coupled
climate model simulation
of the Last
Glacial Maximum, Part 1: Transient multi-decadal response.
After objections by the Indian representative, the Green
Climate Fund has kept on hold a project to reduce the risk
of glacial lake outburst floods in northern Pakistan
Part I:
Glacial inception as a bifurcation
of the
climate system.
For the most recent
glacial periods ice cores provide
climate proxies from their ice, and atmospheric samples from included bubbles
of air.
Gallée, H., et al., 1991: Simulation
of the last
glacial cycle by a coupled, sectorally averaged
climate — ice sheet model.
Using Mg / Ca paleothermometry from the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber from the past 500 k.y. at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 871 in the western Pacific warm pool, we estimate the tropical Pacific
climate sensitivity parameter (λ) to be 0.94 — 1.06 °C (W m − 2) − 1, higher than that predicted by model simulations
of the Last
Glacial Maximum or by models
of doubled greenhouse gas concentration forcing.
Be that as it may, all these studies, despite the large variety in data used, model structure and approach, have one thing in common: without the role
of CO2 as a greenhouse gas, i.e. the cooling effect
of the lower
glacial CO2 concentration, the ice age
climate can not be explained.
The archaeological record suggested that very roughly 150,000 individuals spanned Europe and Asia, living in small groups
of 15 to 25 — and that their total numbers fluctuated greatly during the several
climate cycles (which included harsh
glacial periods) that occurred during the half a million years they inhabited Earth, before going extinct 40,000 years ago.
Lesson 7 -
Climate Change vs
Glacial Environments Fully resourced lessons with a wide range
of activities.