For measures
of gliosis in Grn − / − mice, we also reported the power to detect normalization
of gliosis.
We therefore anticipated some improvement
of gliosis in Grn − / − mice.
Not exact matches
Müller glia are activated in almost all types
of retinal disease, also called
gliosis.
Here one
of our major hypotheses is whether
gliosis is an aberrant regenerative response or an independent entity.
Since the TMEM106B genetic variant on brain aging was also apparent in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Rhinn explained that «one interpretation is that TMEM106B is a critical element
of a resilience network in the frontal cortex that limits the extent
of neuronal loss and
gliosis.»
In essence, most pathological conditions in the mammalian retina lead to changes in Müller glia — often called reactive
gliosis, which might be analogous to the response
of astrocytes upon injury
of other brain regions.
Grn − / −, but not Grn + / − mice, develop progressive
gliosis, inflammation, and lipofuscinosis in several brain regions that first becomes detectable around 6 — 7 months
of age and is more strongly elevated by 12 months (Ahmed et al., 2010; Yin et al., 2010; Wils et al., 2012; Filiano et al., 2013; Götzl et al., 2014).
We therefore included Grn − / − mice in the study to test the secondary hypothesis that exercise could improve
gliosis independent
of any effect on progranulin expression.
In addition, the hippocampus
of T2DM - AD - Vehicle mice showed increased proinflammatory cytokines IL - 1β and TNF - α and
gliosis, and rivastigmine treatment blocked these inflammatory reactions.
Mock - infected control (A); Severe hemorrhage and regression
of ovarian follicles (B); Spleens from mock - infected control (left) and enlarged spleens from the infected ducks (C); HE - stained ovary section showing hemorrhage and follicle rupture with red stained bodies (D); HE - stained brain section revealing lymphocytes and mononuclear cell infiltration under cranial arachnoid (E) and focal
gliosis (arrow)(F).
Grn − / − mice were included in the study to test for progranulin - independent benefits
of exercise on
gliosis.
Although it was not the primary endpoint
of our analyses, we took the opportunity to assess whether exercise, which is known to have anti-inflammatory effects, might reduce
gliosis and inflammation in Grn − / − mice, which would be independent
of an effect on progranulin levels.
(2009) Tempering
Gliosis by Inhibition
of the NFkB Pathway in an Acute Model
of Glaucoma (Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 50: ARVO E-Abstract 2781).
(2010) Decreasing
Gliosis by Inhibition
of the Stat3 Pathway in a Microbead Mouse Model
of Glaucoma (Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 51: ARVO E-Abstract 3192).