Sentences with phrase «of host genes»

Profiling the expression patterns of host genes revealed that the insect significantly increases the abundance of B vitamin transporters and activation enzymes when reared in the absence of its gut microbes.

The parasite inserts microRNAs into the host that can silence the expression of host genes.

The two groups of offspring will differ only in whether they carry that gene, not in their resident microbes, allowing the influence of the host gene and the microbes to be disentangled.

Not exact matches

Medicine and a host of next generation drugs, procedures, and gene therapies rely HEAVILY on evolutionary theory in their development and application.

Many of these mutants are likely non-viable; however, many will have subtle changes to their functional components, including the HA gene which allows the virus to bind host cells, and NA gene which allows the virus to escape from host cells.

Until recently, half of the human race died from infectious causes before adulthood, providing strong selective pressure for genetic alleles that enhance host defence but why are the genetic alleles that are most frequently associated with depression so common in the modern gene pool?

Where is the clear line in a progression from (1) using animal insulin to treat diabetes, to (2) using gene remodeling techniques to grow insulin in a host bacterium that will reproduce rapidly and from which a plentiful supply of insulin can be harvested, to (3) genetic surgery to replace the defective gene in a person diagnosed as diabetic, to (4) genetic surgery immediately after fertilization in order to replace the defective gene and alter the germ cells which would otherwise have transmitted the disease to one's offspring?

The advent of rice varieties bearing genes with resistance to the disease has changed the perception about the disease: the incorporation of host - plant resistance genes in rice varieties, their adoption and deployment in the world's main rice - producing environments is probably one of the most significant evidences of the role of plant pathology in agricultural development.

For this episode of the Bon Appétit Foodcast, host and editor - in - chief Adam Rapoport is joined by chef Joshua McFadden of Ava Gene's in Portland, Ore. to talk salad.

The human microbiome is the composite of genes of the microorganisms (microbiota) living in and on the human body that influence the health and development of the host (1).

«Recombinant DNA technology», «DNA cloning», «molecular cloning» or «gene cloning» all describe the process of transferring a DNA fragment from one organism to a self - replicating genetic element (a cloning vector) such as a bacterial plasmid, enabling the fragment to be propagated in an alien host.

A host of other genes, which control many other cellular processes do not show such abnormal DNA methylation after smoke exposure.

Of note, these gene families were most commonly found to have specific protein features gained from their eukaryotic hosts.

TRIM5 is part of a group of antiviral genes called «restriction factors,» which have evolved to protect host cells from infection by viruses.

More to the point, your health, your life span — and even some of your actions — may have more to do with the genetic variation in those microorganisms you host than they do with your own genes.

As in a game of telephone, each time a gene gets passed from one microbe to another, slight differences develop that reflect the DNA dialect of its new host.

Bacteriophages, or viruses that infect bacterial pathogens, may also act as vectors of virulence or of antibiotic resistance genes, ultimately making bacterial disease worse for the host.

Furthermore, a virus genome (the entire complement of DNA or RNA) can permanently colonize its host, adding viral genes to host lineages and ultimately becoming a critical part of the host species» genome.

The discovery of the master gene that sends them into action promises a host of new treatments for infections, cancer and other diseases.

The deep look into the genes of transmitted H5N1 viruses also reveals the surprising degree to which the virus can mutate and genetically diversify in each infected host, a troubling trait for a pathogen that has so far infected 637 people, killing 378.

Some of these genes are involved in making the proteins encoded by the viral DNA and may make it easier for Mimivirus to co-opt host cell replication systems.

The desire of the host to acquire antibiotic resistance genes from its guest could have driven this chain of events, he says.

At some point, Martin speculates, the bacterium gave the archaean a gene for membrane synthesis, leading to a bubbling up of membrane within the host cell, something like what happens when modern eukaryotes divide and then reform their nucleus from membrane pieces grown inside them.

Host genes of the major histocompatibility complex (the genes that determine how mammals respond to pathogens) play a significant role in how the immune system responds to all pathogens.

They will then reproduce as directed by their own genes but using the resources of the host cell.

Now a more complex and daunting view is emerging that shows viruses» constant variability — and sometimes deadly innovation — happens as a result of these two factors, combined with influenza's tendency to swap genes among viruses and also to move between geographically separate populations through traveling or migrating hosts.

Over time, the bacterium became a symbiont and transferred many of its metabolic genes to the host.

And when there's enough, it turns on a whole host of genes, including those involved in bioluminescence.

Like all retroviruses, HIV has very few genes of its own and must take over the host's cellular machinery in order to propagate and spread throughout the body.

Inheriting a single X chromosome exposes men to a host of X-linked diseases, such as hemophilia or Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and researchers hope to use the new data to understand more fully the role of genes in other X-linked conditions.

Likewise, mutants of S. praecaptivus that lacked quorum sensing but also lacked genes for insecticidal toxins were less harmful towards their hosts.

«We have identified the molecular mechanisms by which the Tat protein made by HIV interacts with the host cell to activate or repress several hundred human genes,» said Dr. Iván D'Orso, Assistant Professor of Microbiology at UT Southwestern and senior author of the study.

This complex mix of virus, host genes and tumor development may have relevance to a related human condition.

It has multiple hosts and can evolve by mutation but also reassortment (when two closely related strains infect the same host and exchange gene segments, producing new strains — a process distinct from mutation, when the RNA of a virus is miscoded during replication).

When oxygen is scarce, however, HIF - 1α starts to accumulate and turns on the expression of a host of genes that assist in promoting and increasing oxygen delivery to hypoxic regions.

Gene transfer typically occurs when a host bacteria passes a plasmid, a small circular DNA not part of the host genome, to another, not necessarily related bacteria, following conjugation.

By contrast, the HMS team homed in on one microbe at a time and its effects on nearly all immune cells and intestinal genes, an approach that offers a more precise understanding of the interplay between individual gut microbes and their hosts.

The researchers compared the HSV - 1 and HSV - 2 gene sequences to the family tree of simplex viruses from eight monkey and ape host species.

Even when the genes are more fully understood, scientists will have to find the right host organism to express the genes, optimize that expression and try to get them to produce as much of the oil as possible — all of which involves a lot of basic research and time, he said.

Studies seeking subtle signs of selection in the DNA of humans and other primates have identified dozens of genes, in particular those involved in host - pathogen interactions, reproduction, sensory systems such as olfaction and taste, and more.

While natural selection favours the accumulation of fit alleles of beneficial genes, the majority of chromosomes in many organisms are composed of «selfish DNA ``, which does not benefit its host and seems to play no other role other than ensuring its own replication.

We're trying to find the genes that control the composition of the gut microbiota and (dictate) host phenotype.»

Depth horizons with functional genes indicative of methane - cycling and sulfate - reducing microorganisms are enriched in solid - phase sulfur and total organic carbon, host δ13C - and δ34S - isotopic values with a biological imprint, and show clear signs of microbial activity when incubated in the laboratory.

Beyond their participation in host defense, increasing evidence suggests that these modifications also play important roles in the regulation of gene expression, virulence and antibiotic resistance.

Because their hosts provide a stable and rich environment, endosymbiotic bacteria have seen some of their genes become redundant, so they shed them over time.

The elimination of this host factor via the deletion of the FREP1 gene had other effects besides reducing the number of mosquitoes infected with malaria.

«Our study shows that we can use this new CRISPR / Cas9 gene - editing technology to render mosquitoes malaria - resistant by removing a so - called host factor gene,» says study senior author George Dimopoulos, PhD, professor in the Bloomberg School's Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology.

Genes may carry information for building proteins, but a host of other factors, including the DNA between genes that doesn't encode proteins, tells them when to make their protGenes may carry information for building proteins, but a host of other factors, including the DNA between genes that doesn't encode proteins, tells them when to make their protgenes that doesn't encode proteins, tells them when to make their proteins.

In addition, he and his team are using their CRISPR / Cas9 DNA - editing platform to study the effects of deleting other potential malaria host - factor genes and to learn more about the roles of these host factors in mosquitoes.

If the results can be replicated in other species, it will represent a boost for the hologenome theory of evolution — the idea that the object of natural selection is not the individual organism nor even just its genes, but also those of the microbes it hosts.