Sentences with phrase «of host genomes»

«After emerging some 420 million years ago, KZFPs evolved rapidly in a lineage - specific fashion, parallel to the invasion of host genomes by transposable elements,» says Trono.

Gene transfer typically occurs when a host bacteria passes a plasmid, a small circular DNA not part of the host genome, to another, not necessarily related bacteria, following conjugation.

Not exact matches

Until it ran afoul of the FDA, the company analyzed consumers» personal genomes in order to provide detailed summaries of their genetic risk for a host of common diseases (done through a spit kit sent by mail).

However, viral integration into the host genome increases the risk of tumorigenicity.

In a recent study published in the journal Nature Communications on 17 September, John Baines, Saleh Ibrahim and their colleagues of the Inflammation Research Excellence Cluster show that composition of skin microbiota is controlled by the host genome and that skin bacteria may have a greater influence on inflammatory diseases than previously thought.

«There was an unexpectedly high level of HPV16 isolate diversity among women, which was surprising given the fact that the HPV16 genome replicates use the host cell machinery and has a slow mutation rate,» Mirabello says.

«We found that lysogenic phages [phages that insert their DNA into the genomes of their hosts] are abundant within the bacteria of the bladder,» said Dr. Putonti.

The transplanted genome booted up in its host cell, and then divided over and over to make billions of M. mycoides cells.

Furthermore, a virus genome (the entire complement of DNA or RNA) can permanently colonize its host, adding viral genes to host lineages and ultimately becoming a critical part of the host species» genome.

The color orange is used to indicate parts of the particle encoded by the virus genome, whereas gray represents parts captured from the host cells.

While those viruses reproduced and spread from host to host, their genomes accumulated a pattern of mutations that told a story.

Scientists poring over the 3 - billion - letter - long genomes of humans and mice made a host of new discoveries in 2005.

«Animal viruses typically have all genome segments packaged together into a single viral particle, so only one of those particles is needed to infect a host cell,» Ladner explained.

They live inside their host's cells and have highly specialized features: They are only able to reproduce inside the host's cells, they have the smallest known genome of all organisms with a cell nucleus (eukaryotes) and they posses no mitochondria of their own (the cell's power plant).

Genome sequencing confirms that myxozoans, a diverse group of microscopic parasites that infect invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, are actually are «highly reduced» cnidarians — the phylum that includes jellyfish, corals and sea anemones.

A genome - level understanding of how the fungus Grosmannia clavigera, a symbiont of the mountain pine beetle, withstands its host tree's chemical defenses could help ecological modelers better forecast the range and extent of the epidemic

Was it mutations in the genome of Y. pestis or changes in the susceptibility of animal or human hosts — or both?

The new study shows that the synthetic compound is capable of inhibiting the activities of several DNA - processing enzymes, including the «integrase» used by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to insert its genome into that of its host cell.

They also re-engineered their previous gene editing apparatus to now carry a set of four guide RNAs, all designed to efficiently excise integrated HIV - 1 DNA from the host cell genome and avoid potential HIV - 1 mutational escape.

ERVs belong to the same family as the HIV virus, but unlike HIV, they are viruses that circulated in the past and that were able to integrate themselves into the genomes of their hosts.

«We resequenced the genome of each individual that we collected and looked at which genes were differentiated between populations adapted to different host plants,» Nosil said.

The U.S. National Academies of Sciences will host an international summit on genome editing in early December.

Combined with an earlier round of awards (Science, 13 April 2001, p. 186), the $ 195 million committed last week will buy Canada a prominent place in a host of international research consortia, says Genome Canada president Martin Godbout.

Since the beginning of time, viruses have been inserting their genetic material into the genomes of their hosts, tricking the cell's machinery into making more virus.

HCV invades cells in the body by binding to specific receptors on the cell, enabling the virus to enter it.2 Once inside, HCV hijacks functions of the cell known as transcription, translation and replication, which enables HCV to make copies of its viral genome and proteins, allowing the virus to spread to other sites of the body.2 When HCV enters the host cell, it releases viral (+) RNA that is transcribed by viral RNA replicase into viral -LRB--) RNA, which can be used as a template for viral genome replication to produce more (+) RNA or for viral protein synthesis.

Their work revealed that a host protein complex (Smc5 / 6) recognizes the HBV genome and then acts as a restriction factor to prevent the production of new viruses.

The intracellular parasites that Keeling studies, which also have reduced genomes and are unable to produce their own source of energy or survive without their hosts, are typically thought of as organisms.

The new genomic catalog contains nearly 200 viral genomes collected from patient samples in Sierra Leone and Nigeria, as well as field samples from the major animal reservoir, or host, of Lassa virus — the rodent Mastomys natalensis, also called the multimammate rat.

Deep Integration Tremblaya shares certain attributes with organelles — its genome size is similar to that of some mitochondria and chloroplasts, it is missing a number of vital genes, and its biology is deeply intertwined with that of its host.

Two key events enabled organelles to develop: The precursor bacteria transferred many of their genes to the host's genome, and they developed a method of transporting the proteins produced by these and other genes back inside their own membranes.

The combination of host and symbiont has allowed Tremblaya to cast off many of its genes, surviving with a genome size once thought to be impossible.

A 7000 - year - old hunter - gatherer found in a Spanish cave has a genome surprisingly similar to modern humans, with blue eyes and a host of immunity genes

This caused the host bacteria to «spit» out the replicon from the genome, causing a rearrangement of the rapamycin biosynthetic genes.

As part of their experiment, the team inserted a temperature sensitive replicon into the genome of the host strain, the soil bacteria Streptomyces rapamycinicus.

Some are relics of former viruses assimilated into a host's genome, or genetic instruction book.

The results of this original study are highly relevant to other human diseases that dependent on genome instability, such as fungal infection or cancer, and open new venues for anti-leishmanial drug discovery using host - directed strategies that target the parasite's metabolic dependence on the host cell, thus preventing the adaptive evolution of drug resistant parasites.

Researchers would need to choose an appropriate cell line to act as a host and then gradually swap out large chunks of its genome with the synthetic DNA.

Unfortunately, as the paper shows, especially the action of family member APOBEC3A can spill over from its attack against viruses to induce DNA mutations and damage in the host genome as well.

It's an «elegant study» and «a well - documented example of this fascinating interplay between ERVs and their host organism,» says Dixie Mager, a geneticist at British Columbia Cancer Agency in Vancouver, Canada, who researches how genetic elements sometimes «jump» around genomes.

Thus, eventually, it's the avoidance of competition and the process that I call endo - geno - symbiosis (i.e., the capacity of endogen «gene carriers» to share parts of their genome in a symbiotic relationship with their hosts, after the idea of «endosymbiosis» proposed by Sagan, 1967) that drives the expansion of the diversity of living beings.

To uncover the interactive mechanisms between the host and influenza viruses, researchers sequenced the genome of a 10 - week - old female Beijing duck, and conducted transcriptomic studies on two virus - infected ducks.

«The presence of the PAM adjacent to target sites in foreign DNA and its absence from those targets in the host genome enables Cas9 to precisely discriminate between non-self DNA that must be degraded and self DNA that may be almost identical.

Not only can comparisons of genomes assess relatedness, but interactions between specific host and parasite species can also be permanently recorded in the genome via jumping of transposable element DNA from one to the other.

Together they designed a test that relies on the fact that a transplanted organ's genome is distinct from that of its new host.

In 2005, the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, launched The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), a $ 1.5 billion search for genes that are mutated in a host of cancers (Science, 16 December 2005, p. 1751).

In a study published December 9th in Cell Host & Microbe, researchers used genome sequencing to trace the introduction and spread of the virus in Liberia — the second worst - affected country.

Nosil and his colleagues sequenced the genomes of dozens of individuals of each ecotype from multiple hillsides to assess the genetic differences that arose to make them specialized for their particular host plant.

So mutations in the microbiome that affect the fitness of a holobiont are just as important as mutations in the host's genome.

During their coexistence, the bacterium was further and further integrated as a power plant into the cell, which was evident in the fact that the construction plans of the power plant were increasingly transferred into the host cell from the bacterial genome.

The study results were very surprising: For most of these clinical measures, the association with bacterial genomes was at least as strong, and in some cases stronger, than the association with the host's human genome.