Clough et al. first considered
responses of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) present in the BM to the GSK3β - inhibitor (2 ′ Z, 3 ′ E)-6-bromoindirubin-3 ′ - oxime (BIO) at a concentration of 800 nM, given that hMSCs represent presumptive precursors of osteoblasts.