While many important developments impacted the field, two that garnered significant public, political and scientific attention in 2016 were the proliferation of clinics using unproven stem cell «therapies,» and the steps forward in therapeutic modification
of human oocytes (unfertilized eggs) through a process called mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT).
But few labs had a source
of human oocytes with which to attempt the experiment.
The results come from the first year
of the Human Oocyte Preservation Experience (HOPE) Registry, which is analysing the results of thawed - egg IVF over five years.
Not exact matches
As with
humans, he says, the
oocytes of C. elegans also show an increase in chromosome abnormalities with aging.
Mindful
of public sensitivities, Daley opted to pursue experiments using what he considers the least controversial
human materials to create new nonpresidential stem cell lines — poor quality embryos and
oocytes that, in his words, «otherwise would have been disposed
of as medical waste.»
To do this, they used a nanotemplate
of known stoichiometry (the
human Glycine receptor expressed in Xenopus
oocytes) and studied several fluorescent proteins to see the percentage
of proteins that was photoactivated.
«The use
of nonhuman
oocytes for SCNT is currently the only ethically justifiable option given the large numbers
of eggs required to derive cloned
human stem cell lines,» he said.
Outline title: «First live birth using
human oocytes reconstituted by spindle nuclear transfer for mitochondrial DNA mutation causing Leigh syndrome» by J. Zhang et al. published in outline form by the American Society
of Reproductive Medicine's Fertility and Sterility journal website.
Appearance
of an
oocyte activation - related substance during spermatogenesis in mice and
humans.
Oocyte activation ability correlates with head flatness and presence
of perinuclear theca substance in
human and mouse sperm.
Scientists publishing in the journal Cell Stem Cell have reported the production
of functional
human oocytes from discarded genetic material, a process which they suggest could one day assist in fertility treatment or mitochondrial replacement therapy.
As outlined below, we used a microfluidic quantitative PCR (qPCR) system to elucidate the gene expression profiles
of individual
human oocytes and small numbers
of cumulus cells using a combination
of a large number
of samples and targets [12], and then extended our studies via the use
of parthenogenesis, in conjunction with gene expression profiling, as a functional assay
of cytoplasmic maturation
of oocytes.
Ms. Roxland concurrently served as the Special Advisor to the Commissioner
of Health on Stem Cell Research Ethics, where she spearheaded creation
of state - wide rules on embryonic stem cell protocols,
human - animal chimera research, compensation
of women who donate their
oocytes to stem cell research, informed consent processes, re-contact for return
of research results and incidental findings, and downstream uses
of biological samples.
Both animal and
human studies have demonstrated the important roles
of neurotrophins (BDNF, NTF3 and NTF4) in
oocyte maturation mediated by their receptors (NTRK1 — 3 and NGFRAP1)[20], [25].
Since the first report
of in vitro
human oocyte maturation in 1969 [3], several reports have documented blastocyst (BL) development or live birth achieved from
oocytes matured in vitro [1], [4], [5].
Immature
human oocytes were matured in vitro via supplementation with ovarian paracrine / autocrine factors that were selected based on expression
of ligands in the cumulus cells and their corresponding receptors in
oocytes.
As a reminder, the lifetime supply
of all
oocytes of a
human female is produced before puberty.