Sentences with phrase «of hydrogen escape»

A warming of 16 — 24 °C produces a moderately moist greenhouse, with water vapour increasing to about 1 % of the atmosphere's mass, thus increasing the rate of hydrogen escape to space.

«Now that we know such large changes occur, we think of hydrogen escape from Mars less as a slow and steady leak and more as an episodic flow — rising and falling with season and perhaps punctuated by strong bursts,» said Michael Chaffin, a scientist at the University of Colorado Boulder's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics who is on the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) team.

Sophisticated measurements made by a suite of instruments on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution, or MAVEN, spacecraft revealed the ups and downs of hydrogen escape — and therefore water loss.

«Now that we know such large changes occur, we think of hydrogen escape from Mars less as a slow and steady leak and more as an episodic flow — rising and falling with season and perhaps punctuated by strong bursts,» said Michael Chaffin, a scientist at the University of Colorado at Boulder who is on the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) team.

Not exact matches

Gillon and colleagues are looking for signs of escaping hydrogen, a signal that an atmosphere might be there.

Mars loses its hydrogen by thermal escape at the top of the atmosphere.

On the exo - Mars, thermal escape would increase only if the increase in UV radiation were to push more hydrogen to the top of the atmosphere.

Radiation — in the form of photons — can't easily escape from hydrogen on the pulsar's surface.

While lower - energy ultraviolet radiation breaks up water molecules — a process called photodissociation — ultraviolet rays with more energy (XUV radiation) and X-rays heat the upper atmosphere of a planet, which allows the products of photodissociation, hydrogen and oxygen, to escape.

There, the coal is partially oxidized; the gas which escapes from the second pipe is a mixture of syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) and carbon dioxide and a little methane.

«Immense cloud of hydrogen discovered escaping from exoplanet the size of Neptune.»

If there were too much UV light, no water could survive on the surface because the water molecules would break up and escape through the top of the atmosphere as hydrogen and oxygen gas.

Hope will probe the link between processes in the lower atmosphere, which contains most of the martian atmosphere's water vapor, and the escape of hydrogen and oxygen from the upper atmosphere.

Even though many of the planets orbit their stars very closely and have high temperatures, which in turn causes their hydrogen - rich atmospheres to expand and a fraction of the gases to escape the planet over time, it's unlikely that the planets will lose enough of their atmosphere to become rocky bodies like Earth, the researchers report online today in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Mangrove rivulus, which can live out of the water for extended periods of time (days or weeks, as long as the conditions are moist), uses its specialised jumping technique when water has low oxygen concentrations or high levels of hydrogen sulphide, or to escape predators and search for terrestrial prey such as crickets.

Once the venting go - ahead was given, crews were unable to begin until 2:30 p.m., almost 24 hours after the accident began, and by that time, it was too late to prevent hydrogen from escaping the containment and gathering at the top of Unit 1.

MAVEN has been tracking the hydrogen escape without interruption over the course of a Martian year, which lasts nearly two Earth years.

«MAVEN is giving us unprecedented detail about hydrogen escape from the upper atmosphere of Mars, and this is crucial for helping us figure out the total amount of water lost over billions of years,» said Ali Rahmati, a MAVEN team member at the University of California at Berkeley who analyzed data from two of the spacecraft's instruments.

In the most detailed observations of hydrogen loss to date, four of MAVEN's instruments detected the factor - of - 10 change in the rate of escape.

The free hydrogen easily escapes into space, Dan Garisto reported in «Massive dust storms are robbing Mars of its water» (SN: 2/17/18, p. 8).

With the roofs off and other paths for hydrogen to escape — hydrogen is the only element capable of escaping Earth's gravity — the chance of suffering another such explosion has been diminished, except at reactors No. 5 and 6.

The preferential escape of lighter hydrogen over time would then lead to a skewed ratio of H2O to HDO on Mars, indicative of how much water has escaped into space.

It is a vicious cycle: having to load up on all that hydrogen at ground level makes the rockets heavy, increasing the amount of fuel they need to escape the gravitational clutches of Earth.

All of the remaining reactors, however, will remain offline until they have been upgraded to meet extended safety requirements, such such as the provision of alternative power supplies, multiple sources of cooling water, back - up control rooms and venting to prevent hydrogen escape.

Somehow the dark matter would interact with the hydrogen atoms only in this period of the universe, after everything had escaped the crucible of the Big Bang but before the gas had been heated by other stars.

The cloud forms a comet - like tail as a result of the starlight's radiation pressure pushing on the escaped hydrogen.

Because of its weight, deuterium can't escape gravity as easily as lighter hydrogen can.

Although Fukushima included explosive events attributed to the escape and ignition of hydrogen gas, the main reactor vessels were not breached to the extent that occurred in Chernobyl.

Since the lighter version escapes more often, over time, the Martian atmosphere has less and less hydrogen compared to the amount of deuterium remaining.

As the last of the light from the Big Bang escaped, the universe — now about 378,000 years old — would have been a dark place, with no sources of light to illuminate its fog of cooling, neutral hydrogen gas.

Finally, we've been able to provide a view of the escaping atmosphere of Mars showing the loss of atomic oxygen, atomic carbon, and atomic hydrogen.

Before whale falls were well documented, it was thought that this type of biodiversity was only seen at cold - seep sites and hydrothermal vents, where hydrogen sulphide and methane naturally escape through the sediment.

Most importantly, he says, «FCVs aren't green» because of escaping methane during natural gas extraction and when hydrogen is produced, as 95 % of it is, using the steam reforming process.

Arrival at this terminal state required passing through a «moist greenhouse» state in which surface water evaporates, water vapour becomes a major constituent of the atmosphere and H2O is dissociated in the upper atmosphere with the hydrogen slowly escaping to space [106].

That Venus had a primordial ocean, with most of the water subsequently lost to space, is confirmed by the present enrichment of deuterium over ordinary hydrogen by a factor of 100 [107], the heavier deuterium being less efficient in escaping gravity to space.