Sentences with phrase «of ice flux»

The mass balance at the calving front is the sum of the ice flux from upglacier, the rate of melting above and below the waterline and the iceberg - calving rate.

Not exact matches

Freshwater flux from Greenland is composed of melt runoff from ice and tundra runoff as well as ice discharge («calving» of icebergs).

New observations and new models contributed to this certainty, ranging from Antarctic ice cores to improved understanding of solar fluxes.

«Machine learning predicts new details of geothermal heat flux beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet.»

Based on the southern core we thought this was a localized low heat - flux region — but our model shows that a much larger part of the southern ice sheet has low heat flux.

Indeed, many numerical ice sheet models of Greenland assume that a uniform value of geothermal heat flux exists everywhere across Greenland.

Kwok, R., and D.A. Rothrock, 1999: Variability of Fram Strait ice flux and North Atlantic Oscillation.

The continued reduction in the extent of sea ice in the Arctic is expected to lead to increased photosynthetic primary production and POC flux there (Jones et al., 2014), which could benefit fauna whose energetic demands increase as a result of ocean acidification (e.g., calcifying taxa).

As for the validity of the cosmic ray flux, the Rahmstorf et al. critique on the Milky Way spiral arms / ice - age epoch work on did not contain any valid points (see http://www.sciencebits.com/ClimateDebate), this is contrary to the Royer et al. critique which did contain an interesting point.

Inputs needed for a typical Antarctic ice sheet model are the elevation of the bed beneath the ice sheet, air temperature, snowfall and the heat input from the rock below (geothermal heat flux).

Freshwater flux has little effect on simulated Northern Hemisphere sea ice until the 7th decade of freshwater growth (Fig. 13d), but Southern Hemisphere sea ice is more sensitive, with substantial response in the 5th decade and large response in the 6th decade.

Fichefet, T., et al., 2003: Implications of changes in freshwater flux from the Greenland ice sheet for the climate of the 21st century.

Since IPCC (2001) the cryosphere has undergone significant changes, such as the substantial retreat of arctic sea ice, especially in summer; the continued shrinking of mountain glaciers; the decrease in the extent of snow cover and seasonally frozen ground, particularly in spring; the earlier breakup of river and lake ice; and widespread thinning of antarctic ice shelves along the Amundsen Sea coast, indicating increased basal melting due to increased ocean heat fluxes in the cavities below the ice shelves.

Gordon, C., et al., 2000: The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments.

A recent analysis of ice shelves across Antarctica has shown that basal melt rates are around 1325 ± 235 gigatonnes per year, with an additional calving flux of 1089 ± 139 gigatonnes per year.

•» According to Zhang (2007) thermal expansion in the lower latitude is unlikely because of the reduced salt rejection and upper - ocean density and the enhanced thermohaline stratification tend to suppress convective overturning, leading to a decrease in the upward ocean heat transport and the ocean heat flux available to melt sea ice.

Ice core data from Antarctic from ocean sediments show 8 episodes of very large ice flux — largest 14,600 years ago, meltwater pulse 1a — 1 - 3 meters sea level rise per century for several centuriIce core data from Antarctic from ocean sediments show 8 episodes of very large ice flux — largest 14,600 years ago, meltwater pulse 1a — 1 - 3 meters sea level rise per century for several centuriice flux — largest 14,600 years ago, meltwater pulse 1a — 1 - 3 meters sea level rise per century for several centuries.

Recent and past dust concentrations and fluxes from a developing array of Antarctic ice cores.

Suppression of ocean circulation overturning decreases the ocean heat flux available to melt ice, leading to an increase in net ice production [13].

Similarly, Out of Empty (2013) presents material in flux — a glass of container holding a series of objects cast from aluminum batteries and black polyurethane rubber watch which are stranded in a layer of ice water as if obsolete fossils.

Rather than flow speeds (presumably at or near the terminus) I'd rather see the total flux of ice presented.

On the other hand, if volumetric loss is a good proxy for Northward net heat fluxes, as discussed in my comment above, then we might expect the volumetric losses to remain relatively constant, in which case they would represent ever - greater proportions of the remaining ice.

[Response: Here's a simple back - of - envelope consideration for the future: if the Greenland ice sheet melts completely over the next ~ 1,000 years (Jim Hansen argues in the current Climatic Change that the time scale could be centuries), this would contribute an average flux of ~ 0.1 Sv of freshwater to the surrounding ocean.

in reply to Thomas: «Rather than flow speeds (presumably at or near the terminus) I'd rather see the total flux of ice presented.

At most we believe the explosive plume reached about halfway through the water column, but there may have been some transient heat flux to the underside of the ice right above the volcanoes.

First, the more appropriate scientific definition of climate is that it is a system involving the oceans, land, atmosphere and continental ice sheets with interfacial fluxes between these components, as we concluded in the 2005 National Research Council report.

As Jamie [Morison] mentioned, water at 300 m depth is much warmer, has a greater heat content and is continuously present but is still on average unable to contribute to any larger heat flux to the underside of the ice, due to the strong stratification of the upper Arctic.

If I may add one more speculative question: are the portions of glacial sheets formed during periods of high ice flux less stable, and more prone to calving, than those formed during slow flux?

Energy fluxes into the ocean are a combination of radiative (LW + SW), sensible and latent (and a bunch of small terms associated with rivers, icebergs, sea ice etc.).

I looked up your paper (Rammstorf, 1995) and you write «If a freshwater flux of 0.06 Sv were to be obtained only by melting sea ice, the entire sea ice volume (2 — 3 * 10 ^ 13 m ^ 3) would need to melt during a period of 10 to 15 years, a time span too short to cause an advective spin - down of the circulation.»

In essence Zhang proposes that the warming factors reduce the growth of sea ice which reduces ocean overturning allowing increased stratification of the ocean which in turn reduces ocean heat flux available to melt ice.

A long terms study of a glacier draining the Grimsvotn volcano under the Vatnojokull Ice Cap indicate that there is an initial acceleration due to increased basal melt water pressure, as the flux increasing from the activity.

Because heat flows only from warm water to cold water, the heat flux below the depth of temperature maximum is downward, away from the ice.

As I understand it, even a small amount (a few Watt / m ^ 2) of sustained heat - flux very significantly impacts growth of multi-year ice in winter, and possibly make a difference between 6 - 7 meter MYI and just 1 - 2 meter ice.

-- I understand that less than 10 TW may be explained by ice melting... In order to «lodge» somewhere... this «puzzling 500 TW gap»... I do not see any other «spot» than the # 40 PW of latent heat flux that maintain the water cycle...

So in our time ice is experiencing a similar forcing, but with more longwave flux, less shortwave — although we also have the dubious benefit of anthropogenic black carbon emissions.

Not only that, but the sea ice insulates the atmosphere from the ocean, and without it heat fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere increase — all of which assists in the melting of the permafrost.

The main result of this research, is that the variations of the flux, as predicted from the galactic model and as observed from the Iron meteorites is in sync with the occurrence of ice - age epochs on Earth.

The observed period of the occurrence of ice - age epochs on Earth is 145 ± 7 Myr (compared with 143 ± 10 Myrs for the Cosmic ray flux variations),

I can accept that a reduction of sea ice will enhance fluxes of moisture, etc from the ocean to the atmosphere.

The ongoing flux of mantle material into areas which have experienced large - scale ice - mass loss since the LGM looks like mass gain to GRACE.

However, even a smaller figure (I had calculated about 0.17 W / m ^ 2 based on your inflated figure for total planetary albedo, but you can check it out) is still significant when compared with the total flux imbalance, which I think is a more informative comparison than an arbitrarily selected change in cloud cover, because it compares the sea ice reduction with the effects of all climate variations that have been operating in recent years..

We quantify sea - level commitment in the baseline case by building on Levermann et al. (10), who used physical simulations to model the SLR within a 2,000 - y envelope as the sum of the contributions of (i) ocean thermal expansion, based on six coupled climate models; (ii) mountain glacier and ice cap melting, based on surface mass balance and simplified ice dynamic models; (iii) Greenland ice sheet decay, based on a coupled regional climate model and ice sheet dynamic model; and (iv) Antarctic ice sheet decay, based on a continental - scale model parameterizing grounding line ice flux in relation to temperature.

While vertical AW [Atlantic Water] heat fluxes are negligible in the Canadian Basin, turbulent mixing may be strong enough in the western Nansen Basin to produce a sizable effect of AW heat on sea ice.

However, this contribution to sea - ice loss remains uncertain pending new field experiments that will provide estimates of upward AW heat fluxes.

Sea ice is an important component of the Earth system; it is highly reflective, altering the amount of solar radiation that is absorbed; it changes the salinity of the ocean where it forms and melts, and it acts as a barrier to the exchange of heat and momentum fluxes between the atmosphere and ocean.

Second, he demonstrated that prevailing estimates of the 20th century GMSL rise (~ 1.5 to 2.0 mm / year), after correction for the maximum signal from ocean thermal expansion, implied mass flux from ice sheets and glaciers at a level that would grossly misfit the residual GIA - corrected observations of Earth's rotation.

«Just when the surface ice melted in the lab, he measured a large flux of carbon and methane.

Numerous recent studies based on both observations and model simulations indicate that reduced Barents - Kara sea ice in late fall favors a strengthened and northwestward expansion of the Siberian high, increased poleward heat flux, weakened polar vortex, and ultimately a negative AO.

When the flux is increased, the planet undergoes a decrease in surface albedo which is due to the melting of the permanent polar ice caps and the reduced seasonal snow cover.