Sentences with phrase «of ice sheets over»

Mr. Gildea repeatedly confuses a «warm period» (a temperature - based definition) with an «interglaciation» (a definition based on the lack of ice sheets over Canada and Scandanavia).

It is surprising, therefore, that the gross underestimation of pole ward energy transport by the computer models is not reflected as cooling and expansion of the ice sheets over the polar regions.

Contrary to what you might expect, the third IPPC report predicted that global warming would most likely lead to a thickening of the ice sheet over the next century, with increased snowfall compensating for any melting cause by warming.

Second, and less important but still rather spectacular, was the melting of virtually every square inch of the surface of this ice sheet over a short period of a few days during the hottest part of the summer, a phenomenon observed every few hundred years but nevertheless an ominous event considering that it happened just as the aforementioned record ice mass loss was being observed and measured.

Donald D. Blankenship, a senior researcher at UT's Institute for Geophysics (UTIG) and one of the authors of the study, explained that understanding the evolution of the ice sheet over the East Antarctic landscape as well as its points of vulnerabilities for rapid retreat allows them to predict what could potentially happen to the region in the coming years.

Not exact matches

That half a degree is the difference between low - lying island states surviving, or Arctic ice remaining over the North Pole in summer, or increasing the risk of losing the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet or Greenland ice sheet (either one of which implies an eight - metre sea level risice remaining over the North Pole in summer, or increasing the risk of losing the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet or Greenland ice sheet (either one of which implies an eight - metre sea level risIce Sheet or Greenland ice sheet (either one of which implies an eight - metre sea level rSheet or Greenland ice sheet (either one of which implies an eight - metre sea level risice sheet (either one of which implies an eight - metre sea level rsheet (either one of which implies an eight - metre sea level rise.)

1) Mix flour, butter and icing sugar in a bowl using two knives to cut the butter until the mixture resembles fine breadcrumbs 2) Add in the egg yolks and vanilla extracts and mix well, then add iced water until the dough starts to come together 3) Shape the dough into a ball on a cool, flat, floured surface 4) Flatten dough into a disc and then wrap in plastic wrap, and chill in the refrigerator for at least 30 minutes 5) Meanwhile, peel, core and slice the apples into as thin slices as possible 6) Mix sugar and ground cinnamon powder with sliced apples and let it rest for a while 7) Pre-heat oven to 180 deg cel 8) Once dough has chilled, roll pastry dough on a sheet of parchment paper until it has expanded to the size of the tart mold (I used a rough mold the size of a large pizza) 9) Leaving at least an inch of dough free, arrange apple slices by overlapping them slightly in the shape of a circle, starting from the outermost part of the circle, until you reach the inside 10) Fold the edges of dough over the filling and then sprinkle the dough with a bit of sugar 11) Bake for about 40 - 45 minutes, or until the crust is golden brown and the apples are soft 12) Serve warm, with a side of whipped cream or ice cream (optional)

While most duck shooters snuggle deeper under the blankets, the Maine seabirder gets up at 4 a.m., drives his boat through swells that wash over the decks and turn them into sheets of ice, sets his trawl line of decoys, anchors in the lee of a ledge and covers his boat with rockweed.

These vast ice sheets are made of the snow that has fallen in Antarctica over the past million years or so.

Developing an understanding of how ice sheets are changing over time requires precise measurements of the thickness of the ice sheets and accurate mapping of the bedrock below.

Researchers established the first camp here in 1989, at the start of an international effort that drilled the 3,053 - meter - long Greenland Ice Sheet Project - 2 ice core, retrieving a record of climate over the previous 110,000 yeaIce Sheet Project - 2 ice core, retrieving a record of climate over the previous 110,000 yeaice core, retrieving a record of climate over the previous 110,000 years.

Over hundreds or thousands of years, vast ice sheets can melt away, further decreasing the planet's reflectivity.

Stewart Jamieson from Durham University in England and his colleagues made the discovery by looking for subtle changes in the ice sheet's surface shapes, developed as a result of ice flowing over diverse topography.

As glaciologist Richard Alley of Pennsylvania State University notes: «The ice sheet is losing mass, this loss has increased over time, [and] it is not the dominant term in sea - level rise — but it matters.»

They found that western Antarctica has recently seen warmer, saltier water being driven under the shelf — the part of the ice sheet that sticks out over the ocean (Science, doi.org/xkx).

Over the past 40 years, radar imagery has revealed around 150 freshwater lakes of various sizes and ages beneath the massive Antarctic ice sheet.

And over the past 18 months, two of the peninsula's largest ice shelves, the Larsen B and the Wilkins, have lost nearly 1,100 square miles of their total area, a sheet of ice about the size of Rhode IslandCK.

«All of a sudden it allows us to understand how dynamic the bottom of the ice sheet was — or was not — over that long time period,» Schroeder says.

But in the Totten and Moscow University ice shelves over on the eastern half of the ice sheet, the story was far less clear, Paolo says.

When the team looked at the overall balance between the radiation upward from the surface of the ice sheet and the radiation both upward and downward from the upper levels of the atmosphere across all infrared wavelengths over the course of a year, they found that in central Antarctica the surface and lower atmosphere, against expectation, actually lose more energy to space if the air contains greenhouse gases, the researchers report online and in a forthcoming Geophysical Research Letters.

«It is a very good paper which provides valuable new insights about the physical processes controlling the change in reflectivity of the Greenland ice sheet and specifically its darkening over time,» said Eric Rignot, a senior research scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory who studies ice sheets but was not involved with the new study.

Pine Island Glacier and the neighbouring Thwaites Glacier are responsible for nearly a third of total ice loss from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and this contribution has increased greatly over the past 25 yeaice loss from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and this contribution has increased greatly over the past 25 yeaIce Sheet, and this contribution has increased greatly over the past 25 years.

In contrast, Bierman and colleagues» data provides a record of continuous ice sheet activity over eastern Greenland but can't distinguish whether this was because there was a remnant in East Greenland or whether the ice sheet remained over the whole island, fluctuating in size as the climate warmed and cooled over millions of years.

Volk: From what it is today, and yet it was massively different with ice sheets where you and I are talking right now; in New York City would have been covered with an ice sheet that was taller than the Empire State Building, that would have been right here, you know, over 20,000 years ago, and the distribution of trees and all kinds of organisms, these distributions were very different from what they are today.

Scientists have a pretty good idea of how thermal expansion and melting mountain glaciers will play out over the long term, but when it comes to the ice sheets, «we have no idea,» Willis says.

The drought that is devastating California and much of the West has dried the region so much that 240 gigatons worth of surface and groundwater have been lost, roughly the equivalent to a 3.9 - inch layer of water over the entire West, or the annual loss of mass from the Greenland Ice Sheet, according to the study.

Pettersen is hopeful that, with more data analysis over longer periods of time, researchers will find more answers yet to account for the melting ice sheet and the subsequent sea level rise that has already had an impact on regions across the planet.

Now, ice - penetrating radar scanners, flown over the sheet by aircraft, can reveal the shape of the ground.

However, ice - penetrating radar scanners, flown over the ice sheet by aircraft, can reveal the shape of the ground.

The slipperiness, caused by films of water spread over large areas, helps ascertain how quickly a melting ice sheet will slide into the sea as the climate warms — and thus how quickly sea levels will rise.

When Duncan J. Wingham and his colleagues from University College London reviewed archived satellite records, they noticed that over a period of 16 months, the surface above an unnamed subglacial lake in the center of the East Antarctic ice sheet was sinking.

And in the lake bed sediments, the team will search for records of the poorly understood history of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, potentially revealing how the mighty glacier has waxed and waned over time.

What is now Lake Whillans was probably covered and uncovered by the ice sheet dozens of times as the climate swung back and forth over the past 20 million years.

Traveling by helicopter from the main American base of McMurdo Station on Ross Island to the Dry Valleys, researchers fly over a portion of the Ross Ice Shelf and then a corner of the mesmerizing white spread of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which is the largest in the world.

A new study led by the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics has found that wind over the ocean off the coast of East Antarctica causes warm, deep waters to upwell, circulate under Totten Ice Shelf, and melt the fringes of the East Antarctic ice sheet from belIce Shelf, and melt the fringes of the East Antarctic ice sheet from belice sheet from below.

«Warming greater than 2 degrees Celsius above 19th - century levels is projected to be disruptive, reducing global agricultural productivity, causing widespread loss of biodiversity and — if sustained over centuries — melting much of the Greenland ice sheet with ensuing rise in sea levels of several meters,» the AGU declares in its first statement in four years on «Human Impacts on Climate.»

«Sea - level rise could nearly double over earlier estimates in next 100 years: Researchers model effects of melting Antarctic ice sheets.»

«It doesn't change our estimates of the total mass loss all over Greenland by that much, but it brings a more significant change to our understanding of where within the ice sheet that loss has happened, and where it is happening now.»

Totten Glacier, the largest glacier in East Antarctica, is being melted from below by warm water that reaches the ice when winds over the ocean are strong — a cause for concern because the glacier holds more than 11 feet of sea level rise and acts as a plug that helps lock in the ice of the East Antarctic Ice Sheice when winds over the ocean are strong — a cause for concern because the glacier holds more than 11 feet of sea level rise and acts as a plug that helps lock in the ice of the East Antarctic Ice Sheice of the East Antarctic Ice SheIce Sheet.

Hawkings and his collaborators spent three months in 2012 and 2013 gathering water samples and measuring the flow of water from the 600 - square - kilometer (230 - square - mile) Leverett Glacier and the smaller, 36 - square - kilometer (14 - square - mile) Kiattuut Sermiat Glacier in Greenland as part of a Natural Environment Research Council - funded project to understand how much phosphorus, in various forms, was escaping from the ice sheet over time and draining into the sea.

Previous observations of the thickness of Antarctic sea ice produced a mean draught — the depth between the waterline and the bottom of the ice sheet — of around 1 meter; the new work gives a mean draught of over 3 meters.

On a clear day, anyone flying over Greenland on the route between North America and Europe can look down and see the bright blue patches of melted water atop the flat, blindingly white expanse of the ice sheet that covers the island, the second largest chunk of ice on Earth.

The team found layers of sediment and rocks that built up over time, recording the flow of the ice sheet and reflecting climate change.

«It turns out that for much of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet's history, it was not the commonly perceived large stable ice sheet with only minor changes in size over millions of years,» he saIce Sheet's history, it was not the commonly perceived large stable ice sheet with only minor changes in size over millions of years,» he Sheet's history, it was not the commonly perceived large stable ice sheet with only minor changes in size over millions of years,» he saice sheet with only minor changes in size over millions of years,» he sheet with only minor changes in size over millions of years,» he said.

The great ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, which rise to over 13,000 feet above sea level, accumulate ice over most of their surfaces and melt only at their lower elevations near the edges.

What they found was that local destabilization of the Amundsen Sea region of West Antarctica ultimately causes the entire ice sheet to fall into the ocean over several centuries to several thousands of years, gradually adding 3 meters to global sea levels, they report online today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

In 2014, two papers, one in Science and one in Geophysical Review Letters, noted that the Thwaites Glacier, which some scientists call the «weak underbelly» of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, has retreated dramatically over the past 2 decades.

The ice sheet is made up of annual layers of snow that never melted and became compacted into ice over thousands of years.

A relatively small amount of melting over a few decades, the authors say, will inexorably lead to the destabilization of the entire ice sheet and the rise of global sea levels by as much as 3 meters.

Radar measurements of the height of the ice over parts of the continent suggest that the huge East Antarctic ice sheet grew slightly between 1992 and 2003.