Sentences with phrase «of infecting other cells»

Finally, those new proteins and new HIV RNA are pushed out of the cell, forming new HIV capable of infecting other cells, and the process begins all over again.

Not exact matches

Several physical measurements, including electron microscopy, assured us that our product was a closed loop coiled tightly around the virus - DNA template and that it was identical in size and other details with the replicative form of DNA that appears in the infected cells.

And a new analysis of the STEP trial, published last November in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, provides a warning that the very vectors (adenoviruses, which are also employed in other vaccine development work) used to distribute the inactive HIV strains can actually make the immune system more vulnerable to infection by recruiting susceptible T cells to mucous membranes, where they are more likely to be infected during sexual activity.

Thomas speculated that as many as 10 percent of T cell receptors are outliers that help the immune system recognize and rapidly respond to mutations that might otherwise help virus - infected cells and other threats delay detection.

The immune system depends on molecules called T cell receptors on the surface of T cells to recognize and respond to foreign antigens from virus - infected cells, tumors and other threats.

Despite the presumed virulence of the strain — experiments with mouse lungs showed it produces 1000 times more bacteria in infected cells than do standard varieties — Valway says the number of TB cases that developed were kept in line with other typical outbreaks, which «shows that doing good contact investigations is important and preventative therapy works.»

Scientists have successfully targeted other virus - infected cells with RNAi she says, and there may be a way to thwart the interference of the LAT gene.

Although cell - to - cell infection does result in release of abundant solo viral particles, direct transmission from HIV - infected immune cells to other cells — which can then replicate in clusters of these cells — is a much more efficient route to quickly spread the virus, researchers say.

«The fundamental «killing units» of CD4 T cells in lymphoid tissues are other infected cells, not the free virus,» says co-first author Gilad Doitsh, PhD, a staff research investigator at the Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology.

Professor Dan Davis and his team at the Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, working in collaboration with global healthcare company GSK, investigated how different types of immune cells communicate with each other — and how they kill cancerous or infected cells.

Among the protagonists are B cells, which produce antibody molecules able to neutralize pathogens or mark them for destruction, and T cells, which prompt infected cells to kill themselves or secrete chemicals that direct the activities of other immune players.

Particularly prominent in the RNA - Seq analysis was the up - regulation of a number of granzymes, a group of proteinases secreted by immune cells that were originally thought to be involved in killing (via apoptosis) virus infected cells or other target cells.

And a new analysis of the stopped STEP trial, published online Monday in Proceedings in the National Academy of Sciences, provides a warning that the very vectors (adenoviruses, which are also employed in other vaccine development) used to distribute the inactive HIV strains can actually prime the immune system to be infected by recruiting susceptible T cells to mucous membranes, where they are more likely to be infected during sexual activity.

When the CD4 on the CAR molecule binds to HIV, other regions of the CAR molecule signal the cell to become activated and kill the HIV infected cell.

«The next stage would be to repeat the study in primates, a more suitable animal model where HIV infection induces disease, in order to further demonstrate elimination of HIV - 1 DNA in latently infected T cells and other sanctuary sites for HIV - 1, including brain cells,» Dr. Khalili said.

It makes copies of the virus» genetic material — the viral RNA — to package into new viruses that can infect other cells; and it reads out the instructions in that genetic material to make viral messenger RNA, which directs the infected cell to produce the proteins the virus needs.

Because the antigens were the only possible source of TB exposure, Dr. Srivastava says, antigen transfer from infected dendritic cells had to be the avenue for their absorption by other immune system cells in the lymph nodes.

She found that the brain depends on a type of immune cell known as the T cell, which normally kills infected cells or leads other immune cells in a campaign against foreign invaders.

Frequently, a virus will infect an epithelial cell, which compared with a nerve cells are «real virus factories,» says Schiffer: They produce massive amounts of virus that can infect other nearby epithelial cells and can presumably also infect sexual partners.

Cells infected with Toxoplasma don't show a ruffling membrane or any other signs of having swallowed a parasite.

That protein helps the virus mature within infected cells and get out of the cells to infect others.

The new study, published online today in mBio, is an attempt to answer other basic questions, such as where the virus originated, how it enters cells, and what other animals it might infect, says Christian Drosten, a virologist at the University of Bonn Medical Center in Germany and one of the lead authors.

One of the paper's co-authors, Hugh Willison, who studies GBS at the University of Glasgow in Scotland, says it's possible that something more subtle is happening: Like other viruses, the one that causes Zika hijacks a cell's own replication machinery to make new copies of itself, which then break out of the dying cell and infect neighboring cells.

That knowledge, combined with earlier research by Rey and others, could hint at novel ways to block the virus from infecting cells, says virologist John Roehrig of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Division of Vector - Borne Diseases in Fort Collins, Colorado.

Croizier and another team led by Susumu Maeda at the University of California at Davis have independently extended the host range of AcNPV to other species by infecting insect cells with AcNPV and a virus called Bm - NPV, which normally infects the common silkworm (Bombyx mori).

Studying a new type of pinhead - size, lab - grown brain made with technology first suggested by three high school students, Johns Hopkins researchers have confirmed a key way in which Zika virus causes microcephaly and other damage in fetal brains: by infecting specialized stem cells that build its outer layer, the cortex.

Our long - term goal, therefore, is to explore the potential to genetically disrupt both ccr5 and cxcr4 for cell replacement therapies in HIV infected individuals, and in the case of cxcr4 do so in a way that specifically targets CXCR4 on T cells and not the many other cell types on which it is expressed.

Treatment that targets the DNA in HIV - infected cells has been challenging because the persistent, incurable human immunodeficiency virus is able to insert its own DNA into the DNA of any infected cell while disabling that cell's ability to die to save other cells from a viral invasion.

Many of the infected cells died, and others showed disrupted expression of genes that control cell division, indicating that new cells could not be made effectively.

While evidence obtained in our and other laboratories strongly suggests that H. pylori triggers a transcriptional response, epigenetic alterations and DNA damage in infected cells, most of the data supporting these findings rest on fragmentary analyses of clinical samples and cells infected in vitro.

Mycoplasma contamination has been shown to arise from a variety of sources such as serum, other cell lines, or infected personnel and can persist undetected; unlike infections with larger microbes such as yeast, fungi, or bacteria, mycoplasma can be extremely hard to detect with levels reaching 108 cells per ml before the media becomes cloudy.

The Pexa - Vec virus was originally developed by Michael Mastrangelo, MD, and Edmund Lattime, PhD, of Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia, who engineered the harmless vaccinia virus to infect only cancer cells and other rapidly dividing cells, as well as to stimulate immune activity, in hopes of boosting the immune response to tumors.

But instead of churning out new viruses that infect other cells, the infected sex cell does something else: It becomes a new koala.

But even with treatment, the virus remains dormant within a small percentage of infected CD4 cells — and perhaps even within other types of cells — in a variety of tissues.

The group demonstrated that the AMPs directly act on the virus, rather than just inducing apoptosis or necroptosis of the infected cells as others were seen to do.

The researchers discovered that NS1 has a 3D structure with two distinct sides, one facing the replication system of the virus inside cells it infects and the other facing the immune system outside infected cells.

The study concludes that infectious virions constitute only a small fraction of a typical HIV - 1 preparation and that, in a laboratory setting, all of the infectious virions can bind to red blood cells and other non-permissive cells (i.e., cells that can not be infected).

Strong evidence however shows that this doesn't mean that cells are actually «destroyed» or «lost», but instead they are moved to other parts of the body such as the lungs which have more of a chance of becoming infected.

The primary result of a Babesia infection is anemia as the immune system destroys infected red blood cells, but Babesia can have other effects throughout the body as well.

A cat can get ringworm directly through contact with an infected animal - or indirectly through contact with bedding, dishes and other materials that have been contaminated with the skin cells or hairs of infected animals.

A cat can get ringworm directly through contact with an infected animal — or indirectly through contact with bedding, dishes and other materials that have been contaminated with the skin cells or hairs of infected animals.