Thus, the present study examined the sequential development of social anxiety and depressive symptoms following the occurrence
of interpersonal stressors, peer victimization, and familial emotional maltreatment.
Alternatively, mothers may be at increased risk for psychopathology when their child is exposed to parent - dependent life events, given that women report a greater emotional impact
of interpersonal stressors [47].
Consequently female adolescents may also be more vulnerable to develop depressive symptoms in front
of interpersonal stressors, such as those arising from having a best friend with high depressive symptoms (Rudolph 2002; Starr and Davila 2008).
Whereas Chinese adolescents have a tendency to contribute to the manifestation
of interpersonal stressors and subsequent depressive symptoms, Canadian adolescents seem to both generate and react to stressors in their lives.
Not exact matches
Girls also were exposed to a greater number
of interpersonal dependent
stressors during that time, and analyses suggest that it is this exposure to
stressors that maintained girls» higher levels
of rumination and, thus, their risk for depression over time.
Hamilton, a doctoral student in the Mood and Cognition Laboratory
of Lauren Alloy at Temple University, hypothesized that life
stressors, especially those related to adolescents»
interpersonal relationships and that adolescents themselves contribute to (such as a fight with a family member or friend), would facilitate these vulnerabilities and, ultimately, increase teens» risk
of depression.
Finally, Antonucci and Akiyama (1995) pointed out that
interpersonal relationships may exacerbate the effects
of stressors when the support that is provided is ineffective.
Antenatal depression may not only alter development
of stress - related biological systems in the fetus, but may also increase risk
of obstetrical complications.6 Postnatal depression may also be an early life
stressor given known associations with lower levels
of sensitive, responsive care needed for infants» development
of health attachment relationships, emotional regulation skills,
interpersonal skills and stress response mechanisms.7 Early life
stressors, such as those that might be associated with maternal depression, can influence brain development, which continues at a rapid pace at least for several years after birth.8 Problems in any
of these aspects
of development may disrupt the earliest stages
of socio - emotional and cognitive development, predisposing to the later development
of depression or other disorders.
In conclusion, there is tentative evidence that teachers» everyday emotional responses to
interpersonal stressors are shaped by underlying relationship - specific as well as more global representational models
of relationships.
The model explains the potential effects
of external
stressors on wellbeing through the experiences
of everyday discrete emotions and is, therefore, highly useful to understand the effects
of interpersonal teacher — student
stressors on teacher wellbeing.
There are a wide range
of clips to choose from that include topics such as: peer pressure, substance use, school
stressors,
interpersonal conflict, dating relationships, etc..
These models differentiate between
stressors that are independent
of an individual's behaviour (e.g., death or illness
of a family member) and those that are wholly or partly behaviour related (e.g.,
interpersonal conflict).
Implications for general and specific models
of attachment as organizational constructs and attachment as a predictor
of coping with
interpersonal and non-
interpersonal stressors are discussed.
To test our hypothesis that individuals possessing lower levels
of perceived control would report greater increases in depressive symptoms (Time T) following the occurrence
of dependent
interpersonal stressors (Time T - 1) than individuals possessing higher levels
of perceived control (i.e., a diathesis - stress perspective), we utilized idiographic, time lagged, multilevel modeling.
A within - individual study
of interpersonal conflict as a work
stressor: dispositional and situational moderators.
In a survey
of the mothers and fathers
of 66 children, parents
of children with ADHD combined and inattentive subtypes expressed more role dissatisfaction than parents
of control children.17 Furthermore, ADHD in children was reported to predict depression in mothers.18 Pelham et al reported that the deviant child behaviours that represent major chronic
interpersonal stressors for parents
of ADHD children are associated with increased parental alcohol consumption.19
Interestingly, in a 2 - year longitudinal study on a sample
of college students, Hankin et al. (2005) found that experiencing additional
interpersonal stressors over time mediates the relationship between attachment insecurity and prospective increase in depressive and anxious symptoms.
Women's overall marital well - being may be more vulnerable to relationship
stressors yet may be bolstered by rewarding relationships, given women's tendency to derive their identity, in part, from the quality
of their
interpersonal relationships.
A study
of O'Connor et al. (2003) revealed that daily hassles comprise many different events: ego - threatening,
interpersonal, work - related hassles and physical
stressors.
Participants included 410 early adolescents (53 % female; 51 % African American; Mean age = 12.84 years) who completed measures
of social anxiety and depressive symptoms at three time points (Times 1 — 3), as well as measures
of general
interpersonal stressors, peer victimization, and emotional maltreatment at Time 2.
Using the terms
of the differential exposure - reactivity model [23], conscientious group member tend to identify and avoid predictable
interpersonal stressors [28], to preserve harmonious
interpersonal relations and thus they are less likely to be exposed to the stress associated with relationship conflict.
The experience
of relationship conflict increases this dissonance and conscientiousness, agreeableness and neuroticism are important contingencies in this dissonance reduction process as they influence the exposure and reactivity to
interpersonal stressors.
Findings suggest that
interpersonal stressors, including the particularly detrimental
stressors of peer victimization and familial emotional maltreatment, may predict both depressive and social anxiety symptoms; however, adolescents who have more immediate depressogenic reactions may be at greater risk for later development
of symptoms
of social anxiety.
The key argument was that agreeableness influences the process
of dissonance reduction in the TWMM change through the engagement with relationship conflict as an
interpersonal stressor and the selection
of effective coping strategies.