In the multivariable analysis, the only variables that remained significantly associated with an increased risk
of ischaemic stroke were age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.06, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.05 - 1.08, p < 0.001 per incremental year) and alcohol related hospitalisation (HR 2.01, 95 % CI 1.45 — 2.79, p < 0.001).
The objective of this study was to assess the incidence and predictors
of ischaemic stroke among low risk patients with non-valvular AF.
Use of oral anticoagulants was associated with a lower risk
of ischaemic stroke (HR 0.78, 95 % CI 0.63 - 0.97, p = 0.027).
Dr Al - Khalili said: «Even through these patients are classified as low risk, the incidence
of ischaemic stroke in our study population is neither negligible nor ignorable and it carries a relatively high mortality.»
Not exact matches
During a median
of 8.1 years (IQR 7.2 - 9.1)
of follow - up, 49,377 incident cases
of cardiovascular disease were recorded, including 16,671 cases
of coronary heart disease and 23,983
of stroke (14,290
ischaemic and 2,998 hemorrhagic
stroke).
The two major types
of stroke include
ischaemic stroke caused by blood clots, which accounts for 85 %
of strokes, and haemorrhagic
stroke or bleeding into the brain, which accounts for 15 %
of strokes.
An irregular heart rhythm, or atrial fibrillation, was significantly associated with
ischaemic stroke in all regions, but was
of greater importance in Western Europe, North America and Australia, than in China or South Asia.
Dr Du said: «Our data clearly shows that eating fresh fruit can reduce the risk
of cardiovascular disease, including
ischaemic heart disease and
stroke (particularly haemorrhagic
stroke).
Dr Du said: «CVD, including
ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and
stroke, is the leading cause
of death worldwide.
Previous studies have combined
ischaemic and haemorrhagic
stroke probably due to the limited number
of stroke cases in their datasets.
Over the seven year follow up period there were 19 300 cases
of IHD and 19 689
strokes (14 688
ischaemic and 3562 haemorrhagic).
The increase in longevity, especially in high - income countries (HICs), has been largely due to the decline in deaths from cardiovascular disease (
stroke and
ischaemic heart disease), mainly because
of simple, cost - effective strategies to reduce tobacco use and high blood pressure, and improved coverage and effectiveness
of health interventions.
The findings show just how important it is for people with acute
ischaemic stroke (in which blood flow to an area
of the brain is blocked or reduced) to be identified quickly and treated by specialist staff in order to reduce the subsequent degree
of disability.
Patients were monitored for occurrence
of heart attacks,
strokes or transient
ischaemic attacks, and arrhythmia (an irregular heartbeat), and followed up until 2012.
During a median follow - up
of five years,
ischaemic stroke occurred at an annual rate
of 3.4 per 1000 patient - years.
Meta - analysis
of the association between second - hand smoke exposure and
ischaemic heart diseases, COPD and
stroke
We also performed subgroup meta - analyses by type
of prevention (primary v secondary: in this study, trials involving healthy populations or patients with any specific disease except for cardiovascular disease were classified as primary prevention trials, and trials involving patients with cardiovascular disease were classified as secondary prevention trials), type
of supplement by quality and dose (each supplement, vitamins only, antioxidants only, or antioxidants excluding vitamins), type
of outcome (cardiovascular death, angina, fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction,
stroke, or transient
ischaemic attack), type
of outcome in each supplement, type
of study design (randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial v open label, randomised controlled trial), methodological quality (high v low), duration
of treatment (< 5 years v ≥ 5 years), funding source (pharmaceutical industry v independent organisation), provider
of supplements (pharmaceutical industry v not pharmaceutical industry), type
of control (placebo v no placebo), number
of participants (≥ 10000 v < 10000), and supplements given singly or in combination with other vitamin or antioxidant supplements by quality.
The impact on health is immense: Air pollution was responsible in 2015 for 19 %
of all cardiovascular deaths worldwide, 24 %
of ischaemic heart disease deaths, 21 %
of stroke deaths, and 23 %
of lung cancer deaths.