Basically, you need a way
of labeling neurons that were active during a specific experience, and a switch to operate them.
Not exact matches
For this particular study, the research team created a small library consisting
of different fly lines; in each line, a different set
of specific
neurons was genetically
labeled and could be artificially activated, with each
neuron type secreting a different neuropeptide.
Fluorescently
labeled synaptic vesicles inside the axons
of cultured
neurons were recorded with stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy in a 2.5 - micrometer by 1.8 - micrometer field
of view.
Donato emphasized that this
labeling step was key to closely tracking development among a crowd
of neurons, in addition to manipulating their activity at later stages
of life.
The technique allowed him to zero in on and
label populations
of neurons that develop at the time
of labeling, without any previous understanding about their identity beyond their birthdate.
Photo
of a living Brainbow zebrafish, taken by Zachary Tobias (a research technician in Weissman - Unni's lab), showing a brightly
labeled neuron with its cell body (white) at bottom.
It turned out that 80 %
of the BrdU -
labeled cells were also tagged with the enolase, confirming that the newborn cells were in fact
neurons.
The group employed various viral tracing methods — infecting receptor - expressing
neurons with a virus strain and watching them spread as they
label infected cells with a fluorescent protein — to visualize the neural circuit downstream
of the ESP1 receptor, as well as providing an image
of nerve fibers belonging to specific
neurons in the brain and synapses relaying impulses from
neuron to
neuron, to map the anatomical foundation that conveys ESP1 signals in the brain.
This image shows fluorescently
labeled neurons, overlaid with an illustration
of a person scratching.
Furthermore, the team devised a technique to control the number
of neurons labeled —
labeling too many
neurons makes it impossible to distinguish individual ones — that allows researchers to visualize individual
neuron shapes and trace their connecting fibers through intact tissues using another technology the Gradinaru laboratory has helped develop, known as tissue clearing.
Using a technology called VAST, which can automatically
label individual
neurons, glia, and blood vessels different colors, as well as smaller structures such as dendrites and mitochondria, the researchers analyzed the contents
of three cylindrical chunks
of brain tissue, each no bigger than grains
of salt.
Accurately
labelling neurons with markers such as fluorescence, he says, will probably be the key challenge in the eventual goal
of creating a «census»
of different cell types in the brain.
The chemical
labels newly divided cells, and in their brain tissue, it showed up in a sprinkling
of neurons in the hippocampus — a seahorse - shaped structure involved in memory and learning.
Labeled antibodies, which bind to specific cell types, allowed the researchers to determine which types
of neuron were being created at which times.
To see if Narp played a role in making these new cells in mice, the researchers injected a synthetic molecule, BrdU, to
label and allow detection
of newly created cells that would become
neurons in the hippocampus.
Sandia National Laboratories researchers are drawing inspiration from
neurons in the brain, such as these green fluorescent protein -
labeled neurons in a mouse neocortex, with the aim
of developing neuro - inspired computing systems to reboot computing.
In the model, the team used the technique to identify,
label, and manipulate a population
of neurons in the motor cortex that fired when a mouse pushed a lever to receive a reward in response to a stimulus.
Once the
neurons of interest were identified and
labeled, his team presented the stimulus to the mouse while optogenetically inhibiting the group
of neurons.
Thus, though we simultaneously recorded an average
of four
neurons at a time per electrode penetration, we grouped all nonsimultaneously recorded data together, and discarded the trial
labels.
He used an assortment
of anatomical tracing techniques to
label neurons in their entirety — a cell body with a long axon extending out in one direction and the branched tendrils
of dendrites protruding from the other.
At 13 months
of age, the intracellular MOAB - 2 immunolabel was hardly detectable in pyramidal
neurons adjacent to amyloid plaques, the latter which were strongly
labeled by this antibody and not by pab27576 (Additional file3: Figure S2 a-b).
Synaptic reconstruction
of all excitatory inputs made onto a single cortical pyramidal
neuron labeled with sparse in utero electroporation (Unpublished, Dan Iascone)
Synaptic reconstruction
of all excitatory and inhibitory inputs made onto a single cortical pyramidal
neuron labeled with sparse in utero electroporation.
University
of Calgary scientists say they think their research is the first to show that bisphenol - S, an ingredient in many products bearing «BPA - free»
labels, causes abnormal growth surges
of neurons in an animal embryo.
To achieve sparse
labeling of individual
neurons one could reduce the plasmids amounts to reduce transfection efficiency.
Both 3DISCO and CLARITY have relied on the use
of transgenic mice in which a subpopulation
of neurons are brightly
labeled with GFP (e.g. Thy1 - YFP - H mice).
By
labeling HAR1 molecules in human and macaque embryos, we discovered that the RNAs functioned in
neurons during patterning and layout
of the cortex, 6 a brain structure that expanded greatly in size during human evolution.7 Exactly which genes HAR1 is regulating remains to be determined.
Immunocytochemistry / Immunofluorescence
of mixed
neuron - glial cultures
labelling rabbit GFAP (red channel) and chicken vimentin CPCA - Vim (green channel).
3D time - lapse
of neuron: Time - lapse image
of mouse primary
neuron labeled with EGFP after co-culture with astrocyte for 2 weeks.
Triple -
labelled preparations in which mDA
neurons were identified by TH staining revealed that BMPR2 was expressed on, but not limited to, mDA
neurons in cultures
of the E14 rat VM (Figure 1A, B).
Neuron expressing a fluorescent protein engineered by the Looger Lab was reconstructed from immunogold
labeled serial sections
of the mouse brain.
Labeled neurons cover lateral and ventral parts
of the DLL and are found in the SpRT and LdOPT (compare Fig. 1C).
The distribution
of the few retrogradely
labeled neurons in the contralateral Gld mirrored the results seen on the ipsilateral side (Fig. 2E).
Tracer applied into Cluster N
labeled neuronal somata in the Gld regions
of both hemispheres with the vast majority being located on the ipsilateral side relative to Cluster N. On the ipsilateral side, the
neurons projecting onto Cluster N (Fig 1C, 2A, shown in green; Fig. 2C, shown in black) were mainly located in lateral and ventral parts
of the DLL (Nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars lateralis) with few additional connections from the LdOPT (Nucleus lateralis dorsalis nuclei optici principalis thalami) and SpRt (Nucleus suprarotundus).
B: Double -
labeling of ZENK and the retrograde tracer BDA in sagittal brain sections at the level
of Cluster N proves the correct placement
of tracer into Cluster N: arrows point to examples
of neurons displaying ZENK - immunoreactivity (shown in magenta) in the nucleus together with BDA (shown in green) in the somata.