In 2011, they cut
all of the lianas in eight of the plots, leaving the lianas in the other eight plots for comparison.
While previous experimental studies have shown that lianas affect reproduction in single species of trees, this is the first experimental study to demonstrate the effects
of lianas on the reproduction of an entire tree community.
They repeated these counts again in 2016, five years after the initial removal
of lianas.
Instead of taking decades to recover, tropical forests are at risk of taking hundreds of years to re-grow because
of lianas, which spread rapidly following extensive tree - felling.
In a new study published in the African Journal of Ecology, scientists advocate the temporary removal
of lianas in selected areas to help tropical forests grow back.
Not exact matches
Now a real celestial threat is propagating a different kind
of killer plant: Woody vines known as
lianas are growing so quickly in the Amazonian rain forest that they're choking trees.
Many hours later, it leads to an area
of protected land called Iwokrama, a Rhode Island - size forest in the heart
of Guyana, crowded with ancient buttress - trunked trees draped in
liana vines.
When Schultes was in the Amazon in the 1940s, the Seona in Ecuador identified for him 17 varieties
of ayahuasca
liana, and all
of them, to his Harvard - trained taxonomic eye, were the same species.
Finally, in a world
of rising temperatures,
lianas often out - compete tropical trees for resources like light, water, and nutrients.
«Untangling the complex taxonomic history
of a Neotropical
liana genus.»
For Francisco and Lohmann it took three field expeditions to different states
of the Brazilian Amazon, combined with deep morphological and molecular studies, to set straight uncertainties in the complex taxonomic history
of Pachyptera
lianas.
However, while some species have continued to exhibit elevating rates
of flower activity in response to higher concentrations
of carbon dioxide, others, like certain canopy trees and
lianas, have shown more stabilized flowering in recent years.
«We used an integrative approach, which means we combined data from different sources to further understand the taxonomy, evolutionary history and biogeography
of Amazonian
lianas,» explains Ms. Jéssica Francisco.
«
Lianas are important members
of tropical forests, constituting ca. 25 %
of their species diversity and contributing up to 40 %
of leaf productivity.
Of the former, fifty - two species, mostly trees, shrubs and
lianas, are listed as threatened — more than those in any other existing forest in Benin.
The advantage was persistent: five years after
lianas had been removed, the number
of canopy trees with fruits was 150 percent higher, the number
of tree species with fruits was 109 higher and fruiting trees had 31 percent more
of their canopy covered by fruits.
«We don't want to advocate taking all the
lianas out
of the forest, that would be terrible.
The effects
of removing the
lianas were dramatic.
«In tropical rain forests, the seeds
of 80 to 90 percent
of trees and
lianas are dispersed by animals.
«We suspected that
lianas might have a negative effect on tree reproduction, but the strength
of the effect, only five years after cutting the
lianas, was surprising» said Maria Garcia León, the lead author, who began working with Schnitzer as an undergraduate at the University
of Panama and is now operations manager for the Schnitzer lab.
Woody climbing vines, known as
lianas, are preventing tropical forests from recovering and are hampering the ability
of forests to store carbon, scientists are warning.
Ola Olsson stressed that the present study does not give any definite answers to how the composition
of the forests could change, but in his view, there could well be an increase in bushes and
lianas.
As
lianas proliferate in tropical forests, their suppression
of tree reproduction could alter the dynamics
of forest regeneration and threaten the maintenance
of the high diversity
of these forests.
However, Dr Marshall says the
lianas also help to promote biodiversity and help sustain an abundance
of plants and animals — creating «bridges» across the trees, food for monkeys and other animals, and generally adding to the overall function
of forests.
Undaunted, Goodman entered stands
of wet, green trees dense with tangled bushes and
lianas.
The effect
of atmospheric CO2 on flowering has diminished over the most recent decade for
lianas and canopy trees, whereas flowering
of midstory trees and shrub species continued to increase with rising CO2.
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Turn the letter - writing event into a botany lesson by explaining to students that there are 18 species
of holly and that this plant can be deciduous or evergreen and grow into trees, shrubs, or
lianas.
These include rising temperatures, increasing carbon dioxide levels, fires, more destructive storms, insect infestation and the impact
of woody vines known as
lianas.
That particular experiment was carried out by Stefan Schnitzer,
of Marquette University, as part
of a major
liana ecology research project.
For reservoir islands, «a persistent
liana community will likely exacerbate the degradation
of remnant tree communities,» the scientists warn.
The impact
of dams on tree and
liana composition «will for sure have an impact on carbon sequestration,» agreed Verbeeck.
In contrast, tree saplings performed so poorly that
lianas dominated the sapling layer
of vegetation.
«According to Jones» work, and combined with previously published studies, additional dams are going to have a positive effect on
lianas and a detrimental effect on long - term carbon storage,» Schnitzer concluded, although he emphasized that
lianas are not inherently «bad» but «are an important component
of tropical forests with a number
of positive effects on the ecosystem.»
Jones and her team studied tree and
liana communities in 77 study plots scattered across 36
of those islands.
«We were surprised that [they] appeared to be remarkably robust to the negative impacts
of landscape - scale habitat fragmentation caused by reservoir creation,» she noted, «and saw no difference in the
liana communities on islands compared to the mainland.»
«A forest with more
lianas has less woody biomass (long term carbon storage), tree growth is reduced and tree mortality is increasing,» said Hans Verbeeck
of Ghent University.