This theory of propositions (PR 184 - 207) is remarkable for the co-author of Principia Mathematica since it abandons its claim that the subjects
of logical propositions can be imaginary.
Not exact matches
In other words, mainstream political science has insisted upon the
logical independence
of fact and value, such that only
propositions about facts can be properly called true or false, and the study
of political facts is «value - neutral» or «value - free.»
Such an aim is the feeling
of a
proposition of which the novel occasion is the
logical subject and the appropriate eternal object is the predicate.
If so, the initial phase
of the subjective aim is also the feeling
of a
proposition of which the occasion itself is the
logical subject and the appropriate eternal object the predicate.
This means that whereas a
proposition must properly conform to the nexus to which it refers independently
of the experience
of any particular occasion, and is a
logical type, a judgment is concerned with the conformity
of components within one particular occasion, and is an emotional type.
In a
proposition, «The definite set
of actual entities involved are called the «
logical subjects
of the
proposition»; and the definite set
of eternal objects involved are called the «predicates
of the
proposition.»
In that case, in interpreting a body
of propositions hitherto believed to be about the supposed entities, we can substitute the
logical structure without altering any
of the details
of the body
of propositions in question.
The subject
of a
proposition (the «
logical subject») is in a sense a really existing subject.
The fact that a contingent event is future introduces an intellectual complication — namely, how, in the absence
of causal sequence, certainty can be present in the divine mind — but that does not affect the
logical status
of the
proposition.
Again, the principle
of sufficient reason is not congruent with the most elementary
logical truths, for instance that
propositions may be such that one
proposition, p, implies the other, q, but not conversely; or they may be mutually independent.
Predicates
of propositions (the «
logical predicates») speak about possibility, though not about sheer possibility.
It is not situated on the
logical level
of empirically verifiable or tautological
propositions, but on a different
logical level.
A
proposition proposes that certain select matters
of fact, called «
logical subjects,» be interpreted, or theorized about, in terms
of a particular «predicate.»
We should also note that Hartshorne must be very careful as to just what set
of propositions he alleges to have this tight
logical interconnection.
This suggestion «that functions
of propositions are always truth - functions» (PM xiv) was made in his Tractatus Logico Philosophicus (TLP), a non-Platonic, tight - knit, precise
logical system that had a tangential but critical influence on the
logical positivist movement.
The
logical subjects, however, are not capable
of doing more than indicating how the
proposition could be realized: if the
logical subjects to which the predicative pattern refers could, in themselves, make the
proposition «tell tales» as to its ingression, it would be to cast the world's lot in advance, it would be to prescribe exhaustively creative unfolding and thus vitiate creativity.
The
proposition is the potentiality
of an assigned predicative pattern finding realization in indicated
logical subjects (PR 24/35, 186/283, 257f / 393f, 261/398).
«Thus no actual entity can feel a
proposition, if its actual world does not include the
logical subjects
of that
proposition» (PR 259/396; cf. 203/309, 260/397).
The subjective aim, which as Ford clarifies it, is a
proposition whose
logical subjects indicate the past actual world the novel occasion is to unify, guides the feeling
of the nascent subject, the source
of which, for Whitehead, is God (DP 292n9).
The restrictive abstractness
of the predicative pattern, and the abstract definiteness
of the indicative
logical subjects provide the necessary indeterminacy and determinacy for a
proposition to be true or false.
If the
proposition does not already contain the locus
of the prehending subject and
logical subject, the
proposition can not be entertained.
While the objectified facts are invested with a certain levity, no longer fully sedimented, the
logical subjects as an indicative system, on the other hand, restrict the freedom
of the
proposition to apply to any actual entity in absolute generality.
Rather, in the unity
of the
proposition, actual entities assume the form
of «
logical subjects» and eternal objects are transformed into the «predicative pattern.»
To understand this statement it is imperative that we tease
propositions out
of their purely
logical domain.
The intrinsic togetherness
of the indicated state
of affairs as
logical subject and the assigned predicative pattern in their potentiality for realization is phenomenologically distinct from the eventual truth or falsity
of the
proposition.
Yet a
proposition regarded simply in terms
of its
logical subjects admits too much vagueness to have a de facto truth value.
It is to realize that the
proposition regarded simply in terms
of its
logical subjects is vague in the sense
of poly - valence and that to become what it is, the
proposition requires valuation, i.e., an interpretive matrix.
Quite simply, a
proposition is true when the
logical subjects do in fact exemplify the predicative pattern, or differently stated, when a member
of the
proposition's locus admits the
proposition into feeling in such a way that the predicative pattern actually conforms to the indicative
logical subjects.
To recapitulate: the two subjects embraced by the
proposition, the
logical subject in a potential predicative pattern and the prehending, e.g., entertaining subject; the two correlative conditions for the truth and falsity
of propositions, the fact that they both «can» and «must» be true or false; the fact that a
proposition is a «real possibility» for an «entertaining subject,» gives to the
proposition its fundamental trait: according to Whitehead, a
proposition is a lure for feeling.3
Rather, in the provocative words
of «The Metaphysical Scheme
of March 1927,» a
proposition «contains» two subjects, the
logical subject and the «percipient subject» for whom the
proposition is or is not a valid element in experience; a
proposition is not only about its
logical subject, but is for any one
of its percipient subjects, and thus relevant for the future (MS 321, 322).
The indicative character
of logical subjects disciplines the scope
of the predicative pattern; they enjoy the function as «food for possibility» and enable the
proposition to refer to the actuality
of the world, to existential particularity.
A
proposition is not simply that fusion or «contrast»
of predicative patterns and
logical subjects, for it does not «contain» only one subject, i.e., the
logical subject.
But this, he says, only establishes the
logical, asymmetrical dependence
of propositions, not the ontological or causal interdependence
of individuals.
The interesting question in the present context is what the
logical necessity
of mathematical
propositions reveals about the nature
of man.
@Chad, Begging the question is a type
of logical fallacy in which a
proposition relies on an implicit premise within itself to establish the truth
of that same
proposition.
The freedom
of definition and postulation, and the
logical necessity
of mathematical
propositions, are in no way incompatible.
There is not only a kind
of logical scandal in asserting both p and not - p, where p is any
proposition, but also a conviction that such a contradiction is an impossibility in the domain
of existent things.
The
logical subjects
of the
proposition are all those actual occasions constituting its past world.
The basic elements
of an imaginative
proposition are named: the origin
of the
logical subjects from one portion
of the original (objectified) nexus and the eternal object (for the predicate) from another part
of the nexus.
This much is obvious to any geometer, and it simply seems to me that Russell had the genius to recognize that, in like manner,
propositions about other
propositions had to be understood as
of a
logical order at least one «step» beyond that
of the
propositions they described.
It is at least one
logical order «beyond» the class
of entities it describes, and is thus not itself necessarily described by the set
of properties it ascribes to the class
of propositions it is characterizing.
It would make more sense to reconceive initial subjective aims in terms
of propositional feelings.9 The indicated
logical subjects
of the
proposition can specify the standpoint (PR 283) whereas a pure eternal object can not.
This provides the matrix, as a body
of first principles, judged as coherent and
logical depending on the manner in which each
proposition requires the others in systematic interconnection.2 However, as a whole, the theses
of the system must be confronted with the facts
of experience.
3 The
logical calculus is formulated first in terms
of propositions and propositional functions and is soon expanded into a formal theory
of classes and relations until the topics gradually become more specific to the point
of a purely
logical theory
of cardinal and ordinal numbers.
Logical proofs are closed, self - contained systems
of propositions, whereas science is empirical and deals with nature as it exists.
He continues: «Such an aim is the feeling
of a
proposition of which the novel occasion is the
logical subject and the appropriate eternal object is the predicate.
But is «
logical force» the right category for the function
of propositions in Whitehead's theory
of perception?
In asking about the «
logical force»
of propositions, however, Kelsey is not interested in the customary importance logicians place on the cognitive value
of propositions, as his term «injunction» indicates.
Although the attachment
of a feeling
of promise, for good or ill, to a
proposition in the context
of an entity's self - creation might suggest that the «
logical force»
of propositions is an ethical one, it could just as easily be thought
of as an aesthetic one.
In interpretation, the reader entertains
propositions whose
logical subjects include entities in the reader's (and author's) past world; only as such do they become components
of the interpreter's «forms
of subjectivity»; so there is always an element
of objective reference.